Bio Exam 2 Review

The concept of harnessing the energy released by an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction is called

Too much light can cause damage to plant cells. How to plants solve this problem?

One problem with photosynthesis is that sometimes RuBisCO adds an oxygen molecule to RuBP instead of CO2, known as _____

The four major steps of cellular respiration are:

Above a certain temperature and outside a specific pH range, enzymes denature. What does this mean?

This picture represents ______ of mitosis.

Interphase is divided into G1, S, and Cytokinesis phases.

This picture represents ______ of mitosis.

Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme at the active site and block the substrate from binding.

This picture represents ______ of mitosis.

The citric acid cycle takes a two-carbon molecule, Acetyl CoA, and turns it into 2 molecules of CO2. In the process,

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is _____, and it is reduced to _____. (Think what aerobic means)

In biology, the most common example of energy coupling is

The proper sequence of the phases of mitosis is:

Glycolysis happens in the _____, while the CAC and electron transport chain happen in the _____

This picture represents ______ of mitosis.

Chloroplasts have a triple-layered membrane. The most important one for photosynthesis is...

After photosystem II excites an electron, it passes it to ___, which uses the energy from the electron to pump a proton.

Once NADP+ is reduced to NADPH, it can be used for ______ reactions, such has the production of glucose from CO2.

The pigment molecule within plant cells that captures most light energy for photosynthesis is...

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce energy.

In many ways, photosynthesis can be thought of as the opposite of cellular respiration.

If the delta G value for a reaction is negative, the reaction is

The final step of mitosis is ____, when the cell completes its division into two new daughter cells.

Catabolic pathways involve _____ and are typically ______

RedOx reactions go two ways: when glucose is oxidized, another molecule is reduced. What molecule(s) typically is it?

As you add more substate, eventually enzyme reaction rates level off. Why does this happen, and how can we speed it up?

The second part of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle, takes place in the stroma.

In order to reduce photorespiration, plants evolved two alternative types of photosynthesis, known as ____ and _____.

To collect the most light energy possible, many "extra" chlorophylls called ____ pigments funnel light to the rxn center

During respiration, much of the energy from glucose is stored as ____ on molecules called ____ and _____

Small molecules that bind to an enzyme and are required for it to function are called

The molecule that an enzyme binds to and acts on is referred to as its ______

The two major phases of the cell cycle are interphase and M phase.

In a biological system, energy is

Before the cell can divide, the DNA much be _____ to protect it. This process is complete by the beginning of ______.

The first step of respiration, glycolysis, involves the splitting of glucose and the release of ______ per molecule.

Nonspontaneous chemical reactions can decrease the entropy of the universe.

When the product of a biochemical pathway acts as an inhibitor on an enzyme earlier in the pathway, we call this

Enzymes are proteins that...

The 3rd and final step of the Calvin cycle regenerates 3 molecules of RuBP from 5 3-carbon molecules of G3P.

To make sure the cell is ready to divide, the cell cycle contains 3 ____ that can pause the cycle if something is wrong.

The second phase of the Calvin cycle is the reduction of the molecules made in the first step to ___, a sugar precursor.

The process by which cells break down fuel molecules to make ATP is called

The Calvin cycle takes place in three phases. The first phase utilizes an enzyme called ______ to add CO2 to RuBP.

Oxidative phosphorylation, AKA the electron transport chain, is the source of almost all the ATP from respiration

Before mitosis can begin, the cell needs to _____ its DNA, so each daughter cell gets a copy. This happens during _____.

After ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi, ATP can be rebuilt using the energy from

Which factors influence enzyme reaction rates?

The enzyme ATP Synthase joins a Pi to ADP to generate ATP. This enzyme gets its energy directly from

In order for an enzyme to perform a reaction, its substrate molecule must

The majority of the energy in ATP is contained in

If a cell stops paying attention to these cell cycle checkpoints, it can become a ______ cell

If too much of a competitive inhibitor is present, enzyme reaction rates slow down. How can we restore the normal rate?

The first step of photosynthesis, the light reactions, take place in...

There are two photosystems in eukaryotic chloroplasts. Photosystem I acts before photosystem II.

The goal of the Calvin cycle is to use NADPH and ATP produced in the light reactions for synthesis of ___ from ____

Oxidation reactions are characterized by the addition of oxygen OR the removal of hydrogen.

Within the chloroplast, the stroma could be considered analogous to the ____ of a cell.

The goal of the light reactions is to excite an electron, then harvest the energy from it to reduce _____ to _____.

If a system such as a cell is becoming more organized, the total entropy of the universe is _____