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Research Methods Exam2
Research Methods Exam2
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1
Which of the following is an example of a nondirectional hypothesis?
positive relationship between a highfat diet and weight gain
relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain
no relationship between a high-fat diet and weight gain.
negative relationship between high-fat diet and weight gain
2
What will you have if there is no difference between sample and population values?
a high sampling error
It cannot be determined.
no sampling error
a low but positive sampling error
3
18 possible agreements, 7 times agreed What is the interrater reliability coefficient?
0.39
.003
56
3.90
4
How does a researcher know if he/she has picked a good research question?
Others are also investigating the same phenomenon.
No one is investigating that topic.
It interests him/her.
It is culturally relevant.
5
In experiment, the treatment is called ____
independent variable
mediating variable
intervening variable
dependent variable
6
What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items?
content validity
construct validity
concurrent validity
predictive validity
7
Which of the following types of hypotheses is considered an implied hypothesis?
the research hypothesis
the null hypothesis
the alternative hypothesis
none of these
8
If your test is not reliable, you must try to lower your error.
False
True
9
halogen light bulbs lead to better visual acuity than others. Define the independent variable
participants' natural eyesight
self-report of visual acuity
type of light bulb
behavioral measure of participants' visual acuity
10
A hypothesis communication students will differ on their communication measures, youd have a __
nondirectional research hypothesis
hypothesis type that cannot be determined
directional research hypothesis
null hypothesis
11
What is the
t
score for a
z
score of -1?
10
40
60
50
12
Independent and dependent variables are to experiment as:
informed consent and debriefing are to correlational design.
variable and constant are to nonexperimental design.
conceptual&operational definition are to corelational design
predictor&criterion variables are to nonexperimental design.
13
What characteristic of the normal curve deals with skewness?
mean, median, and mode
asymptotic
symmetry
probability
14
What purposes does the null hypothesis serve?
"there is no difference between X&Y"
Null is used to show no relationship
Always refers to population
All of the above
15
Surveys and interviews are examples of:
between-subjects designs.
within-subjects designs.
nonexperimental designs.
experimental designs.
16
Which of the following is NOT a measure of validity?
construct validity
criterion validity
parallel forms validity
content validity
17
to help ensure generalizability, which of the following should be true about your sample?
It is nonrepresentative.
It is large.
It is small.
It is representative.
18
Where would someone look to find the most cutting-edge empirical findings?
infomercials
research conference
academic journal
book
19
analytic strategy.
Researchers make design decisions about how to conduct study
how to conduct a study + in turn impact the data collected
20
The more violent television watched, the more aggressive behavior. Watching violent TV is ___
an independent variable
an intervening variable
a mediation variable
dependent variable
21
belief that general descriptions of their personality are accurate& tailored for them
The Barnum effect
Parsimony
Occam's razor
The Bailey effect
22
What are the two main categories of hypotheses?
research and population
research and sample
null and research
null and sample
23
What do sociology, geology, and psychology have in common?
All three use the scientific method.
All three study how humans think, feel, and behave.
All three focus on unanswerable questions.
All three are based on subjective reasoning.
24
Why are most philosophical questions poorly suited for empirical investigation?
Philosophy is unscientific and thus does not investigation
Most philosophical questions cannot be objectively measured.
Philosophy is not an important discipline.
Empirical investigations can only test unobservable behavior
25
detailed series of steps that lets the researcher know which order to administer the study in
Debriefing
Informed consent
A researcher notes
A research protocol
26
In an experiment, the researcher _____ the independent variable and ___ the dependent variable.
manipulates; holds constant
measure; holds constant
manipulates; observes
measures; manipulates
27
The group you actually collect data from for your study is known as the _
general group
sampling error
sample
population
28
Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?
measure of stability
measure of equivalence
measure of agreement
measure of consistency
29
Score you receive as a reflection of what you know
Top score
True score
Final Score
Overall score
30
“A measure of how stable a test is over time”
test–retest
interrater
parallel forms
internal consistency
31
Which of the following is a nondirectional test?
all hypotheses
a two-tailed test
a one-tailed test
a research hypothesis
32
validity that examines a test outcome is consistent with a criterion that occurs in the future
predictive validity
concurrent criterion validity
test–retest validity
content validity
33
Kurtosis is used to __
describe the shape of the distribution
describe the range of a distribution
measure the central tendency of the distribution
measure the variance in the distribution
34
When should you use construct validity?
when you want to know if sample items reflect the true topic
When you are measuring repeated data
when measuring underlying psych problems
never use construct validity unless under harsh conditions
35
For high reliability, reliability coefficients to be positive and as close as possible to 1.
True
False
36
a hypothesis that reflects difference between groups+also specifies the direction of difference
directional research hypothesis
none of these
null hypothesis
nondirectional research hypothesis
37
In a nonexperimental design the ____ is the potential causal , whereas the _____ is the outcome
constant; predictor
predictor; criterion
response; predictor
predictor; constant
38
Internal consistency reliability test how each individual item scores correlates with the total
True
False
39
correlate scores from test with some other valid measure that assesses the same set of abilities,
content validity
internal consistency
criterion validity
40
Which of the following could be examined using empirical research?
Bigfoot
great white sharks
vampires
the Loch Ness Monster
41
Between-subjects design is to within-subject design as:
independent is to dependent.
subjective is to objective.
difficult is to simple.
single is to multiple.
42
Reliability and validity should be considered ______.
after data have been analyzed
when data are being collected
in regard to research on human subjects only
before you start analyzing data
43
a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what value would be -1 standard deviation
50
none of these
45
55
44
What is the most important role of a hypothesis?
To challenge the ideas of others
to reflect the general problem or question asked.
To conduct experimental test to become theorys
to conduct a test
45
The normal curve has no skew.
True
False
46
you can have a test that is reliable, but not valid
False
True
47
Define
asymptotic
.
tails of the curve almost touch the horizontal axis but dont
tails of the curve touch the horizontal axis
none of these
tails of the curve cross the horizontal axis
48
Each of the following is a part of the informed consent EXCEPT:
potential risks.
anticipated benefits.
agreement to participate.
detail of all deception used in the study.
49
Debriefing is:
an explanation of the risks and benefits of participating
explanation/purpose of the study+disclosure of any deception
50
order of the following
z
scores in terms of distance from the mean: +2, -3, -1, +1, and 0.
-3, -1, 0, +1, +2
-3, +2, -1/+1, 0
0-1, +1+2-3
-3,+2,0,-1,+1
51
examining impact of sleep on academics , how might Yetta operationalize an Independent Varible?
#of hours each participant sleeps the night before the study
the number of hours participants sleep on average
participants' most recent SAT scores
performance on a standardized IQ test
52
Theory is to law as:
test is to explain
describe is to test
explain is to describe
describe is to explain
53
men who participate in body contact sports score higher on the TEST test This is
content validity
criterion validity
construct validity
concurrent validity
54
A one-tailed test would be used with a directional research hypothesis.
False
True
55
A score that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean would have a
z
score of ___
0
25
5.2
2.5
56
the effect of different reading programs on comprehension, the dependent variable was ______.
comprehension
differences
reading programs
researcher
57
Both
t
scores and
z
scores are considered what type of score?
standardized scores
average scores
standard scores
58
Each of the following is a strategy for generating a hypothesis, EXCEPT:
thinking of things unilaterally.
thinking about variables in terms of amount or degrees.
introspection.
finding the exception to the rule.
59
there is a relationship between reaction time and problem-solving ability, you would have a ___
null hypothesis
hypothesis type that cannot be determined
directional research hypothesis
nondirectional research hypothesis
60
.What is the difference between the true score and the observed score?
critical score
error score
reliable score
61
The problem with many of Freud's postulations was that they were not:
unique.
interesting.
culturally relevant.
falsifiable.
62
Which of the following represents a nondirectional research hypothesis?
H1: X1 not equal X2
H1: X1 < X2
H1: m1 > m2
H0: m1 = m2
63
If you know the
z
score, (s) (M), what formula would you use to compute the raw score (
X
)?
M = z(s) + X
z = (M – X) ÷ s
X = (z + s) ÷ M
X = z(s) + M
64
Normal Curve characteristics
All of the above
Mean, Median, Mode are equal
symmetrical
Asymptotic
65
What type of hypothesis posits a difference between groups where the difference is not specific
null hypothesis
research hypothesis
nondirectional hypothesis
directional hypothesis
66
Name four types of reliability and what they measure.
test retest- reliability over time
inter rater- consistency in rating or outcome
internal consistancy- test one and only one deminsion
Parallel forms- test of several different forms
67
The outcome variable in an analysis is called the _______.
dependent variable
predictor variable
treatment variable
independent variable
68
____ is to independent variable as _____ is to dependent variable.
Criterion; predictor
Predictor; constant
Criterion; constant
Predictor; criterion
69
What does your research question help to guide?
hypothesis
average score
correlation
sampling error
70
Parallel forms reliability is an example of which of the following?
measure of stability
measure of agreement
measure of consistency
measure of equivalence
71
When we want to infer from a sample to the population, what assumption must be met?
The population is large.
The sample is large.
The population is normally distributed.
The sample is normally distributed.
72
wanted to examine impact of fast-food on weight gain, measurement of weight gain would be the
independent variable
predictor variable
dependent variable
treatment variable
73
Hypotheses do not have to posit a relationship between variables.
False
True
74
What would the interrater reliability be 100-item measure in which the number of 80 agreements?
0.45
95%
0.90
80%
75
._______ is based on the judgment of how well a test reflects an underlying idea
Criterion validity
Content validity
Internal consistency validity
Construct validity
76
The percentages or areas under the normal curve can be interpreted as probabilities.
True
False
77
High school class rank is highly correlated with college GPA. This is an example of ?
predictive validity
concurrent validity
content validity
construct validity
78
What percentage of all scores fall above a
z
score of +1?
16%
50%
84%
34%
79
The _______ is the most commonly used standard score.
z score
t score
p score
f score
80
If data are not reliable or not valid, the results of any test or hypothesis ______.
are inconclusive
are valid in only certain situations
81
An independent variable is a variable that:
is the causal variable in a nonexperimental design.
is measured by the experimenter.
is manipulated by the experimenter.
is the outcome variable in a nonexperimental design.
82
The correlation between scores from Time 1 and Time 2 is called
similar forms reliability
parallel forms reliability
internal consistency reliability
test–retest reliability
83
What is a scientific theory?
Both B&C
well-substantiated explanation of aspects of natural world
determining how a researcher will use variables in a study
Done through repeated observation and experiment
84
What is the
t
score for a
z
score of +3?
60
50
100
80
85
The correlation between two forms of the same test is called _______.
test–retest reliability
inverse reliability
internal consistency reliability
parallel forms reliability
86
What type of hypothesis posits no relationship between the variables in your study?
directional hypothesis
research hypothesis
null hypothesis
nondirectional hypothesis
87
When working on a thesis or dissertation, you should use an instrument that is reliable +valid
False
True
88
Why is it important to have a precise and clear research question?
both A&C
well guided hypothesis will allow for a well guided test
So you know whats being tested
the research question will guide your hypothesis
89
The actual or measured score is called the _______.
real score
observed score
error score
true score
90
____ of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
77
55
99.5
68
91
__ is determined by the association between test scores+some specified present/future criterion
criterion validity
internal consistency validity
content validity
construct validity
92
weekly quiz fairly assesses the material covered, what evidence was collected?
concurrent validity
content validity
construct validity
criterion validity
93
hypothesis that higher average score on the oral communication measures, you would have a ___
nondirectional research hypothesis
directional research hypothesis
hypothesis type that cannot be determined
null hypothesis
94
Explain the formula for understanding observed scores. What is included in any observed score?
Observe score is the highest score possible
Observe score= True Score+ Error Score
95
a
z
score of 1.65 included 45% of area above the mean ___would remain above 1.65 on the
x
-axis
95%
85%
25%
5%
96
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Both A&B
Reliability test if a measurement or tool is consistent
Neither A or B
validity asses if the test does what it is supposed to do
97
a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 5, how many standard deviations is 60 from the mean?
-6
5
6
0
98
Test–retest reliability is an example of which of the following?
measure of agreement
measure of consistency
measure of equivalence
measure of reliability over time
99
mean of 100 standard deviation of 15, what value would be +2 standard deviations from the mean?
120
110
130
115
100
“There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber+high-fiber diets.” This is a _
null hypothesis
directional hypothesis
nondirectional hypothesis
alternative hypothesis
101
Poster is to paper presentation as:
verbal is to visual.
visual is to verbal.
oral is to written.
written is to visual.
102
Are distributions always normal?
yes
no
103
a researcher examined how comprehension affected scores, the independent variable would be ___
test scores
comprehension
researcher
examination
104
__ of scores fall on either side of the distribution.
95%
50%
99.5%
68%
105
___ is the score that you would receive if the test contained no error.
True score
Error score
Observed score
Actual score
106
Sampling error relates to how well a population approximates the characteristics of a sample.
True
False, characteristics of a population.
107
What is the best way for a researcher to empirically investigate a psychological phenomenon?
nonscientifically
by having participants complete self-report measures
observation to make assumptions about underlying psychology
by asking participants' friends and family for their opinion
108
80 possible, Teacher A + B 60 times agreed What is the interrater reliability coefficient
25
.75
1.33
.80
109
A score that is three standard deviations above the mean would have a
z
score of __
3
1
0
2
110
Criterion variables are also known as:
response variables.
conceptual variables.
dependent variables.
predictor variables.
111
If you want to know if the items on a test assess only one dimension, what reliability is used
interrater reliability
internal consistency reliability
parallel forms reliability
test–retest reliability
112
In order to say that a distribution is positively skewed, which of the following must be true?
right tail must be longer than left
curve must be bell shaped
right and left tail must be equal
right tail must be shorter than left
113
Which of the following is a nondirectional test?
a two-tailed test
a research hypothesis
a one-tailed test
all hypotheses
114
Which step in the research process is akin to a “fact-checker”?
recruit participants
peer review
analyze data
draw conclusions
115
“How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use
measures
what it is supposed to?”
Validity
Reliability
Both reliability and validity
116
the measures associated with a test are said to be consistent,
valid
standard
reliable
concurrent
117
The normal curve is only sometimes symmetrical.
True
False
118
calculate
z
score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?
mean and standard deviation
shape of the distribution
mean, median, and mode
standard deviation only
119
A _______ is a statement of equality between sets of variables.
research hypothesis
null hypothesis
directional research hypothesis
nondirectional research hypothesis
120
An example of a database where psychologists can find peer-reviewed journal articles is:
LexisNexis.
PsycINFO.
Google.
Bing.
121
Null hypotheses refer to _____
the population
both samples and populations
multiple samples
the sample
122
Why are there no pluses and minuses on the
z
score table?
There are plus and minus signs on a Z score table
Because the negative and positve sides mirror each other
Because there are no negative areas
