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APPSYCHQ2 REVIEW Flashcards | StudBud
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APPSYCHQ2 REVIEW
APPSYCHQ2 REVIEW
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1
Insight Learning
History of reinforced behavior influences the sudden flash of “insight”
Mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of solution
learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement
mental representation of an area that helps an organism navigate
2
Convergent Thinking
Coming up with one right answer or way to do a task
When a child is performing like an older child
Thinking in a variety of ways to solve problems
The act or process of knowing
3
Procedural memory refers to:
chunking of information in working memory.
how-to knowledge.
verbal storage representations.
memory for facts and events.
4
According to Albert Bandura, ________
Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.
Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals.
Fear is a conditioned response.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
5
What type of learning is shaping involved in?
Classical Conditioning
Observational Learning
Operant Conditioning
6
Gestalt psychology emphasizes
unconscious
behavior
whole
evolution
7
Which of the following is an example of the representativeness heuristic?
Believing younger people are more likely to start fights.
Solving a problem by breaking it down into smaller parts.
Making a judgment according to past experiences.
Judging a situation by a rule that is usually true.
8
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
9
Retinal disparity occurs because:
Our eyes are in different positions and see different things
The brain detects movement of the muscles in the eyes
Our brain reads pictorial depth cues to interpret depth
Our brain automatically fills in parts of images
10
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
We can positively transfer what we remember.
We remember things that were encoded as a flashbulb memory.
Storage decay is rapid if one did not really encode.
Rapid storage decay initially followed by leveling off
11
Sensory adaptation is your body adapting to withstand the elements for survival purposes.
True
False
12
Proactive interference occurs when...
Memories fade over time.
Newer memories cause forgetting of older ones.
Older memories cause forgetting of newer ones.
We don't have the right information to trigger our memory.
13
Fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement
Duh....
Depend on a fixed number of responses
provides reinforcement after set lengths of time
is shown to serve as punishment
14
ACCOMMODATION OF SIGHT
ADJUSTING THE CLARITY OF THE LENS FOR NEAR & FAR DISTANCES
ADJUSTING LENSES FOR NEAR OBJECTS
ADJUSTING LENS FOR APPROPRIATE VISION
15
What is an example of difference threshold?
None of the above
Seeing that navy is slightly darker than blue
Hearing a soft sound
Reading a set of small letters
16
dissociative amnesia
same individual posses 2 or more personalities
extreme memory loss caused by extensive psychological stress
17
Iconic and echoic memory occurs:
working memory
Sensory memory
short term memory
Long term memory
18
Converting physical energy into neural impulses is called
Sensation
Absolute threshold
Attention
Transduction
19
Bottom Up Processing
Sensory driven and influences how we perceive things
Information that starts in the bottom of the brain and works its way up
Based on prior knowledge and experiences
20
Long Term Potentiation is
The potential of the neuron to fire glutamate
long-lasting decrease in strength of synaptic transmission.
long-lasting strengthening of synaptic connections
The re-routing of a neuron
21
What is positive reinforcement?
Add stimulus, increase likelihood of behavior
Remove stimulus, decrease likelihood of behavior
Remove stimulus, increase likelihood of behavior
Add stimulus, decrease likelihood of behavior
22
What is Figure/Ground?
The principle of backgrounds consisting of multiple elements
The psychology that the brain sees object the same
The Gestalt principle of sameness
Psychology that the eye and mind separate an object from its surroundings
23
An example of absolute threshold is...
Both
The softest sound you can hear on a hearing test
The smallest letters you can read on a vision test
Neither
24
What is metacognition?
Using study skills
Monitoring your own thinking
Setting a purpose
Playing brain games
25
Procedural memory refers to:
chunking of information in working memory.
verbal storage representations.
memory for facts and events.
how-to knowledge.
26
what is a negative reinforcement example
i dont have an example
give my sister candy if she cleans up her toys
Bob does the dishes in order to avoid his mom’s nagging.
27
What is retrograde amnesia?
when you can't remember the first few years of life
Memory for anything new becomes impossible
when you're able to remember info, not where you learned it
loss of memory from the point of some injury
28
What is source amnesia?
The source of all amnesia
Attributing memories to a wrong source
Amnesia for what the word "Source" means
Forget past, can not make new memories
29
Selective attention is...
going through the activity in your mind
creating a picture in your mind
the ability to ignore distractions
talking to yourself positively to increase confidence
30
In Pavlov's research what was the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response?
Bell ---> Salivation
Bell + Food ---> Salivation
Food ---> Salivation
Bell ---> No salivation
31
Fluid intelligence is which of the following?
the ability to process old information in novel situations
the ability to process both old and new information
the ability to process new information in novel situations
the ability to remember childhood events
32
Heuristics are ___?
simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly.
methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems.
trial and error problem-solving strategies.
thinking strategies that often hasten insights.
33
Top-Down Processing
the use of previous knowledge to organize sensory information
the idea that color vision is based on two pairs of opponents
Adaptations
6th sense: enables you to know where your body parts are located
34
Mirror neurons explain
modeling
yawning when another person yawns
the "aha" experience
spontaneous recovery
35
What is inattentional blindness?
System for sensing position and movement of body parts
Failing to see visible objects when attention is elsewhere
Illusion
Focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
36
Which of the following represents perceptual constancy?
The color of a page does not change when it is in shadow
Smelling old spice and always thinking of your grandpa
Cold water in a lake doesn't seem so cold after a while
We reconize the taste of McDonald's food each time we eat it
37
The Gestalt Principle of Simplicity is referred to how...
We find complicated senses harder to perceive
We focus on simpler things, rather than complex things
We see complex figures divided into simpler figures
Focusing on easier to understand stimuli vs. difficult
38
Definition: flashbulb memory
a flash of light triggers an old memory
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
a lightbulb you can buy at home depot
a memory that lasts a second
39
principle of closure is...
The tendency to perceive as units stimuli that are physically similar to on
The tendency to perceive incomplete objects as complete.
40
Cognitive Map
type of learning in which one links 2 or more stimuli& anticipate events
desire to perform behavior to receive promised rewards/avoid punishment
a mental representation of the layout of one's environment
the diminishing of a conditioned response
41
Classic conditioning cannot be extinguished
True
False
42
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
saying "NO!" sharply to your dog when he jumps up on a guest
give a jockey weights to carry as a handicap in a horse race
a hockey player spending time in a penalty box for fighting
give a child a piece of candy to stop them from having a fit
43
Subliminal perception
takes place in the lower brain.
takes place at a level below conscious awareness.
takes place in the cerebral cortex.
takes place when neurons misfire.
44
The original IQ test was developed...
in Austria, during WW2
in the US, at Stanford University
in Nazi Germany, as a tool to discriminate
in France when school became required for all children
45
Taste aversion:
learning to avoid a particular food, by a bad experience
only ordering one food where you go
not eating at a fast food place
avoiding that flavor
46
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
rat
loud noise
fear reaction
47
Context-dependent memory
retrieve information worse when in the same setting/context
retrieve information worse when in a different setting/context
retrieve information better when in a different setting/context
retrieve information better when in the same setting/context
48
What is a circadian rhythm?
Biological clock that lasts about 24 hours
Cognitive clocks that last about 24 hours
Biological clock that lasts more than 24 hours
Cognitive clock that lasts more than 24 hours
49
signal detection theory
two stimuli that differ by a constant minimum percentage
minimum difference that a person can detect stimuli
the activation of memory response
predicting how and when we detect the presence of a stimulus
50
which of the following terms applies to IQ tests
projective
triarchic
standardized
achievement
51
Convergence is an example of
shape constancy
brightness constancy
a binocular cue
a monocular cue
52
A mental set is
Step by step procedure
Conclusions based on assumptions
Tendency to approach a problem the same way
Mental groupings
53
Misinformation Effect:
First impression
Memories to be influenced by things that happened after the event
Influenced by the first pieve of info that we hear
Refusing to listen to the opposite side
54
Which of the following is the correct definition of a schema?
A representation of behaviour
A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret info
A structure of interconnected neurons in the brain
A long term memory store for personal events
55
What is POSITIVE PUNISHMENT example?
Taking away a child's cell phone for bad grades
Giving a child an ice cream cone for good grades
Making a child do less chores after getting good grades
Giving a child more chores for bad grades
56
When does observational learning occur?
When an animal's innate response interfere with processes.
When the learned response is previously neutral.
When responding is influenced by the observation of others.
When a change in behavior is due to experience.
57
During fixed ratio schedules of reinforcement, a behavior is reinforced after…
An inconsistent ratio of responses
Some amount of time has passed
A consistent amount of time
A consistent ratio of responses
58
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
people often see what they expect to see
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
59
Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?
applause
electric shock
food
money
