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Midterm Review Flashcards | StudBud
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Midterm Review
Midterm Review
34 terms
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Philosophy
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34 cards
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Answers
1
Justification: For Person S to be justified in claim P what three reasons must be true?
Other beliefs
the matter that takes support or imply P
The set of reasons
If Person S believes the information is true.
2
Fallibilism means a belief can be rational/justified but false
True
False
3
An argument is weak when a person considers a premise to be false or they suspend judgment on one or more premise
False
True
4
How can it be possible for someone to be justified in believing something that is false?
personal religion
personal belief
personal experience
personal information
5
Suspending Judgment: If you suspend judgment on a premise then it wouldn't be reasonable for you to believe.
False
True
6
What is the difference between something subjective and objective
Objective is what it is no matter what we think, like truth
Subjective is what it is no matter what we think, like truth
Objective means vary from person to person, like belief
Subjective means vary from person to person, like belief
7
For Person S to find an argument Inductively Strong, what must be true
The premises are reasonable for Person S to believe
The argument is not defeated by Person S's total evidence
The argument must be cogent
The arugment must be valid
8
What is the purpose of separating and analyzing arguments into Deductively Strong Inductively Strong and Weak categories
Each definition has different principles which is easier to understand
To get a better understanding of the arugment
To be able to solve an argument faster
because....
9
Logical Consistency
A set of consistent sentences to be true at the same time
If one claim is true then it rules out others as false
method of reasoning, each step must be true if the step before it is true
the quality or condition of being consistent
10
Denying the antecedent (Find the definition and the matching example)
Logical fallacy: infer the negation of consequent implication from negation
If it rains then the game is canceled.
Logical fallacy: infer the truth of antecedent of an implication from truth
If it rains then the game is canceled but it has not rained,
11
Arguments By elimination
but one concludes remaining possibility to be actual
then eliminates all possibilities
find the correct answer and move on
Begins by identifying all possiblites
12
( Finish the Sentence & find example)Modus Ponens: A mode of reasoning from a hypothetical proposition according to...
Example: If A is true, then B is true, but A is true therefore B is true
if the antecedent be affirmed the consequent is affirmed
Example: If A is true, B is true, B is false, therefore A is false.
the consequent is denied then the antecedent is denied
13
( Finish the Sentence & find example)Modus Tollens: A mode of reasoning from a hypothetical proposition according to...
if the antecedent be affirmed the consequent is affirmed
Example: If A is true, then B is true, but A is true therefore B is true
the consequent is denied then the antecedent is denied
Example: If A is true, B is true, B is false, therefore A is false.
14
Can an argument be strong for one person and weak for another?
True
False
15
Difference between logical and natural impossibility
Logically Impossible: a scenario creating an explicit logical contradiction
Naturally impossible: a scenario creating an explicit logical contradiction
Naturally impossible: a situation that runs contrary to the laws of physics
Logically Impossible: a situation that runs contrary to the laws of physics
16
Correspondance principle
A behavior of systems described false by theory of quantum mechanic
A declarative sentence not true because it corresponds to facts as they are
states that behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanic
A declarative sentence is true just as it corresponds to facts as they are
17
Are Ill-formed Arguments neither valid nor cogent?
False
True
18
can the same proposition be both true and false at the same time
True
False
19
Explicit Premises: premises are not being stated/ not being offered in the passage
True
False
20
(Fill in the Blank) Cogent Arguments: It is invalid and premises if they were true, would make conclusion ____to be true
possibly
almost
mostly
likely
21
To have knowledge means you have a justified true belief.
False
True
22
What are the different ways an argument can be weak?
Person S suspends judgment or considers a premise to be false
If I am against the topic of the argument
If the argument is ill-formed
If in an inductively strong argument, the premises are defeated
23
What is the meaning and value of evaluating an argument as being "mere opinion"
An assertion, would be subject to evaluation as an objective T or F
An assertion about the world would be subject to evaluation
The mere opinion doesn't address that claim or its truth
The mere opinion does address that claim or its truth
24
Affirming the Consequent (Find the definition and the matching example)
Logical fallacy: infer the truth of antecedent of an implication from truth
Logical fallacy: infer the negation of consequent implication from negation
If it rains then the game is canceled.
If it rains then the game is canceled but it has not rained,
25
Strong vs. Weak Arguments
Weak: You believe in the premises and they have you believe they are true
Weak: one or more premises to be false/ suspend judgment/ it's ill-formed
Strong: one or more premises to be false/ suspend judgment/ it's ill-formed
Strong: You believe in the premises and they have you believe they are true
26
Defeated Argument: IF the conclusion is considered false because it conflicts with person S's total background evidence.
True
False
27
If someone believes a claim, does that make it true?
False
True
28
Rational Belief (Believe, Disbelieve, Suspend Judgment
Believe: evidence support enough and complete to draw conclusion
Disbelieve: evidence against whole argument and complete to draw conclusion
Suspend Judgment: Evidence is not complete/neutral with regard to the claim
Believe: accept (something) as true; feel sure of the truth of
29
Implicit Premise: Premises author employed and expected us to understand as part of argument but didn't write out/state
False
True
30
Belief
an acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists
trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something
To have an attitude toward it you think it is true.
Believe a claim
31
Difference between Truth and Belief
Truth is a subjective production
Truth is logical objective
Belief is a subjective production
Belief is a logical objective
32
Truth
Case to assent
Not lying
The actual state of affairs in the world
the quality or state of being true
33
(Fill in the Bank) Valid Arguments: The premises, if they were true, would _____________ the truth of the conclusion
grant
guarantee
allow
accept
34
(Fill in the blank) Deductively Strong: Person S must find the argument valid and be _____________ for Person S
true
understandable
correct
reasonable
