exs 345 exam 2

Interpreting results for meaningfulness is calculating as the

Statistical method based on correlation that allows the prediction of one variable from anotherY = a + bX

50 out of 100 coin tosses should come up heads, however, because of ___ more/fewer 50 of 100 coin tosses may be heads

parallels the four versions of ANOVA with the addition of two or more dependent variables

Value representing a characteristic of a sample

The results are significant when there is not a significant relationship or difference in the population

The results are significant when there is not a significant relationship or difference in the population

A statement indicating expectation of no relationship or no difference for purposes of statistical testing

For the strength of a relationship, a rating of 0 equals

Groups differ on dependent measure.

What is the p-value

ability to conclude only independent variables affected any differences in measures of dependent variables across groups

numerical quantities for which zero does not indicate the complete absence of the quantity (e.g. temperature)

Another test (other than statistical significance) for the meaningfulness of results of a study evaluating difference

Test used for parametric data sets in descriptive research

the extent to which data are spread outRange, Standard deviation, and Standard error of mean

Which type of research would cause and effect fall under?

for two or more predictor variables and two or more criterion variables

Parametric options for experimental tests

for predicting a single variable from another single variable

When ρ is greater than α, (e.g. ρ = 0.55, α = 0.05), the null hypothesis is _________ and the results are _____________.

Groups must be independent from each other-Treatment, control-Children, adults

non-numerical measures labeled by name or category

The ability to generalize the results of a study to the sample population in a real-world setting

research study to faithfully reflect the true state of the variables being studied in the population of interest

Nonparametric options for experimental tests

•Designed to optimize external validity•Used when circumstances prevent random assignment of participants to groups

Group of participants in a research study selected as a particular population

test used between 2 independent samples in experimental

test used between two sets of measures on one group of participants

Create an equation that uses more than one variable to predict the outcome variable.

for two or more predictor variables correlated with a criterion variable

Does the cause precede the effect or does the effect precede the cause?

A quantitative measure of the relationship among 2 or more variables.

When ρ is smaller than α the null hypothesis is _________, and the results show a ____________ _____________.

for correlations between all pairwise combinations of three or more measured variables

results are non-significant when there is a significant relationship or difference in the population

What is the cause in a cause and effect relationship?

ANOVA and ANCOVA are used in

What is the cause in a cause and effect relationship?

Make inferences about population from research on population sample

The ability to generalize the results of a study to the sample population in a real-world setting

-Show which groups differ-Test are on continuum from conservative to liberal in detecting group differences.

Test used for nonparametric data sets in descriptive research

Internal validity helps eliminate any _________ _______ _____________.

Large group with defined characteristics

•Most basic form of ANOVA•Groups: 2 or more•Dependent variable: 1

used for interval and ratio data that meet the following assumptions

As variable 1 increases, variable 2 increases Example: as V02 max increases distance travelled on 6-minute run increases

For the strength of a relationship, a rating of 1.0 or -1.0 equals

If r-actual > r-critical, then correlation is

Group of participants in a research study selected as a particular population

Value representing a characteristic of a population

statement indicating researchers true expectations to outcome of study may be same as or opposite of the null hypothesis

Internal validity helps eliminate any _________ _______ _____________.

If r-actual < r-critical, then correlation is

A statement indicating expectation of no relationship or no difference for purposes of statistical testing

T/F: There must be a strong correlation between the cause and the effect for a cause and effect relationship

ranked numerical measures

numerical quantities for which zero does not indicate the complete absence of the quantity (e.g. temperature)

T-tests are used in

Does a sample differ from pre-test to post-test?•Also called matched pair or paired sample.

The extent to which the testing conditions in a study are like the conditions in the environment being studied

The amount of error due to chance the researchers conducting a given study are willing to accept

The extent to which data clusters around a pointMean, Median, and Mode

Weak designs ,No random assignment of participants to groups, Little control of threats to validity

Value representing a characteristic of a population

Used to characterize a group based on data taken from the group

numerical quantities for which zero indicates the complete absence of the quantity

Used when dependent variable is measured more than once within a group.•Track changes over time in dependent measure

When a researcher reports correlations for more than two variables measured in a study

nominal and ordinal data as well as for interval and ratio data that do not meet the assumptions related to distribution

Indicates the strength of differences

a measure of effect size

promote external validity, the _______(participants selected for the study) should be representative of the ____________

compare 2 groups on one dependent measure.•Statistic: t: p value < alpha level.

Large group with defined characteristics

The amount of error due to chance the researchers conducting a given study are willing to accept