Which of the following statements isn’t true about a ratio?

A ratio is a measure of risk and the rapidity of change of an event.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the standard deviation (SD)?

It is used to determine variability of a sample around a sample mean.

Which of the following statements is true?

The p-value is an arbitrary value, designated as the significance level.

What is a definition of the standard error?

Standard deviation of sample means for the population

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals, items, or data points from a larger population or dataset

In order to make inferences or draw conclusions about the entire population

Please choose the correct answer. Epidemiological study:

Uses a quantitative approach to study the health of populations.

If a researcher sets a level of significance at p < 0.05 (i.e., 5%), what does this mean?

There is a 5% chance the result is due to chance alone and not to a true re

Which of the following assumptions are required if an independent t-test is to be used?

All the above assumptions (A, B and C) are required

In which type of study are neither the researcher nor the participants aware of the group to which the participants are

Double-blind randomized controlled trial

Which of the following statements is the most accurate description for the concept of standard deviation?

The average distance between a score and the mean.

Which statement is true about the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r)?

It measures the strength of association between variables.

Which statement is false about correlation?

Allows to use one variable in order to predict another

Epidemiology study tries to answer

All above mentioned questions/ statements are true

A survey will be given to 100 students randomly selected from the freshmen class at Lincoln High School. What is the pop

All freshmen at Lincoln High School

Correlation is measured by using a correlation coefficient - r (Pearson Correlation Coefficient), which varies from −1

A weak positive linear relationship between two variables.

Which of the question is true for analytical (inferential) epidemiologic studies?

How was the population affected?

Mrs. Bauer wanted to investigate whether the amount of time students studied for the test would affect their grade on th

Amount of time students studied

Which one among the following statements is true in the context of the testing of hypotheses?

Both the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.

Which of the following is false about sampling problems?

Confounders are a type of sampling problem.

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Questions 99

Answers

1
______ is a statistical measure that quantifies the degree of association or relationship between two or more variables.
Regression
Variance
Correlation
Standard deviation
2
There is no necessary relationship between the categories. (ie: no natural ordering) •Names, numbers, or other symbols u
Discrete variables
Nominal Variables
Continuous variables
Ordinal variables
3
Which of the following statements isn’t true about a ratio?
A ratio can be expressed as a fraction, decimal, or percentage.
A ratio is used to measure the relative size of two values.
A ratio compares two quantities.
A ratio is a measure of risk and the rapidity of change of an event.
4
Which of the following statements is TRUE about the standard deviation (SD)?
It is used to calculate the central tendency of a data set.
It is used to measure the range of a data set.
It is used to determine variability of a sample around a sample mean.
It is used to determine the average of a data set.
5
Which type of study can be used to describe the experience of an individual or institution in treating a disease?
Randomized controlled trial
Case-control study
Cohort study
Case series
6
Which of the following statements is true?
The p-value indicates the probability that the null hypothesis is true.
The p-value is used to measure the strength of the alternative hypothesis.
The p-value is an arbitrary value, designated as the significance level.
A p-value less than 0.05 means the null hypothesis is true.
7
What is a definition of the standard error?
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a sample.
The standard deviation of a population
Standard deviation of sample means for the population
The average deviation of individual scores from the mean.
8
For presenting the relationship between two variables, which of the following would be most suitable?
Bar chart
Pie chart
Histogram
Scatterplot
9
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of individuals, items, or data points from a larger population or dataset
To exclude variability in the population
To only focus on specific individuals
In order to make inferences or draw conclusions about the entire population
To calculate exact values for the population
10
Which measure of central tendency is affected by extreme values?
Mode
Mean
Range
Median
11
The focus of epidemiologic studies is on:
Laboratory experiments
Populations
Individuals
Clinical trials
12
Please choose the correct answer. Epidemiological study:
Uses a quantitative approach to study the health of populations.
Focuses only on individual health outcomes.
Is only concerned with disease prevention strategies.
Employs a qualitative approach to study the health of populations.
13
A market researcher polls every tenth person who walks into a store. What type of sampling is used?
Convenience sampling
Systematic sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
14
_____is a sampling method where the population is divided into clusters or groups, and a random selection of clusters is
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
15
The Framingham Study, in which a group of residents have been followed since the 1950s to identify the occurrence and ri
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
Case-control study
Experimental study
16
A computer generates 100 random numbers, and 100 people whose names correspond with the numbers on the list are chosen
Simple random sampling
Cluster sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
17
If a researcher sets a level of significance at p < 0.05 (i.e., 5%), what does this mean?
The result is always significant at the 5% level.
The probability of making a Type I error is 0.95.
There is a 5% chance the result is due to chance alone and not to a true re
There is a 95% chance the result is due to chance alone.
18
__________ are collected from a subset of a large population.
Population data
Sample data
Observational data
Experimental data
19
In which type of study does the investigator identify a group of individuals and then observe them for a specified perio
Retrospective study
Prospective study
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
20
Which of the following assumptions are required if an independent t-test is to be used?
All the above assumptions (A, B and C) are required
Homogeneity of variances (equal variances)
The data are either interval or ratio scales
Samples are drawn from a normally distributed population
21
In which type of study are neither the researcher nor the participants aware of the group to which the participants are
Case-control study
Single-blind randomized controlled trial
Double-blind randomized controlled trial
Cohort study
22
Which of the following statements is the most accurate description for the concept of standard deviation?
The sum of all values in a data set.
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a data set.
The average distance between a score and the mean.
The median of a data set.
23
A statistic is a value calculated from:
A hypothesis
A parameter
A sample
A population
24
A sports psychologist was interested in the effects of a six-week imagery intervention on an athlete’s ability to execut
Dependent variable
Control variable
Independent variable
Confounding variable
25
What are the distinguishing features of simple random sampling?
All of the above.
Each element in the population has a known and equal probability of selecti
Random numbers determine which elements are included in the sample
Each possible sample of a given size has a known and equal probability of b
26
Which statement is true about the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r)?
It is only used for categorical data.
It shows the cause-and-effect relationship between variables
It measures the strength of association between variables.
It describes non-linear relationships between variables.
27
In which type of study researcher interfere to investigate which factors may be responsible for increase or decrease prb
Case-control study
Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
Randomized controlled trial
28
You have to present a frequency distribution data on diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients. Which of the fol
Scatterplot
Bar chart
Pie chart
Histogram
29
Which statement is false about correlation?
Allows to use one variable in order to predict another
Correlation does not imply causation
The Pearson correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1
It measures the strength and direction of a relationship between two variab
30
The first 40 people who walk into a sporting event are polled on their television preferences. What type of sampling is
Simple random sampling
Cluster sampling
Convenience sampling
Stratified sampling
31
In which type of study does the investigator use information already collected to look for associations?
Cross-sectional study
Randomized controlled trial
Retrospective study
Prospective study
32
_________ are characteristics recorded about each individual. The _______ should have a name that identifies what has be
Observations
Variables
Parameters
Data points
33
Which of the following isn't true? Measures of spread that describe the dispersion or variation of values from the peak
Rate
Standard deviation
Range
Interquartile range
34
Epidemiology study tries to answer
What kind of people get the disease?
All above mentioned questions/ statements are true
How often diseases occur in different group of people and why?
How can we found out what is generally the best way of treating people with
35
A survey will be given to 100 students randomly selected from the freshmen class at Lincoln High School. What is the pop
All students at Lincoln High School in the 9th grade
All students at Lincoln High School
The 100 students selected for the survey
All freshmen at Lincoln High School
36
Can be anything within a given range Key: amount of •e.g: –Height/weight –GPA –square footage of building –distance
Ordinal variables
Discrete variables
Nominal variables
Continuous variables
37
What is the name of the variable that isn't influenced or changed by the other variables in an experiment?
Independent variable
Confounding variable
Dependent variable
Control variable
38
For presentation comparison of one category with others, which of the following be most suitable?
Scatterplot
Bar chart
Histogram
Pie chart
39
_________ refers to the tools of drawing out conclusions, descriptions, inferences, and generalizations from the analyze
Data collection
Analysis of data
Data interpretation
Data visualization
40
If categorical variable is ordinal in nature the display should decrease in logical order or increase in logical order
True
False
41
refers to the relationship between cause and effect, where one event or variable (the cause) leads to a change in anothe
Correlation
Association
Causality
Causality
42
Normally distributed data are normally referred to as:
Uniform
Bell-shaped
Skewed
Bimodal
43
Correlation is measured by using a correlation coefficient - r (Pearson Correlation Coefficient), which varies from −1
A weak positive linear relationship between two variables.
No relationship between two variables
A strong negative linear relationship between two variables.
A strong positive linear relationship between two variables.
44
_________ is a collection of procedures and principles for gathering data and analyzing information to help people make
Statistics
Data analysis
Probability
Research
45
Which of the question is true for analytical (inferential) epidemiologic studies?
What is the total population size?
How many cases were reported?
How was the population affected?
What is the distribution of the disease?
46
Which type of study compares those who have had an outcome or event with those who have not?
Cohort study
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
Randomized controlled trial
47
Values measured in groups or categories, such as gender, favorite color, or type of car, are known as:
Nominal
Interval
Quantitative
Ordinal
48
Mrs. Bauer wanted to investigate whether the amount of time students studied for the test would affect their grade on th
The subject of the final
Students' test-taking skills
Amount of time students studied
Grade on the final
49
Tell if the statement is descriptive or inferential: A recent survey of 2,000 adults having an MBA reported that the ave
Inferential
Descriptive
50
Which one among the following statements is true in the context of the testing of hypotheses?
Hypothesis testing does not involve any statistical tests.
Only the alternative hypothesis can be tested.
Both the alternative and the null hypotheses can be tested.
Only the null hypothesis can be tested
51
Which of the following is false about sampling problems?
Random sampling helps minimize sampling problems
Sampling problems can affect the validity of the study.
Sampling problems can lead to bias in the results.
Confounders are a type of sampling problem.
52
Epidemiological methods try to
All above mentioned statements are true
to identify the causes of poor health
measure the strength of association between causes and outcomes
53
The definition of epidemiology, "determinants" generally includes:
All answers are correct
Risk factors
Causes
Control measures
54
_____ is a statistical technique used to model and analyze the relationship between a dependent variable (or target) and
Regression analysis
Variance analysis
Correlation
Descriptive statistics
55
The scale of Celsius temperature is an example of __________ data
Nominal
Interval
Ordinal
Ratio
56
Case‐control studies are always
Retrospective
Cross-sectional
Experimental
Prospective
57
is a sampling method where the population is divided into distinct subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics
Convenience sampling
Stratified sampling
Systematic sampling
Cluster sampling
58
___________ refers to numbers or nonnumerical labels (male/female) collected from a set of entities (people, cities, etc
Observations
Statistics
Data
Variables
59
The scores of exams for 10 students are: 75, 82, 90, 92, 67, 95, 110, 80, 82, 86. Find the mode for the above data.
86
75
90
82
60
Individuals who answer a survey are called:
Respondents
Observers
Participants
Subjects
61
Which statement isn't true about a correlation study?
It examines the relationship between two variables.
The correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to +1
It can make statements concerning causality.
It measures the strength and direction of the association.
62
The median of a numerical list of data is the value ____________
In the middle when the numbers are put in order
That occurs most frequently in the data
That divides the data into equal halves
The largest value in the data
63
Which of the following is true for the statement: "95% confidence interval for the mean"?
Represents 95% of the sample observations
The interval is 95% wider than a 90% confidence interval
The interval contains the true population mean 95% of the time
Contains 95% of the observations in the population
64
Color is an example of which type of data?
Interval
Numerical
Categorical
Ordinal
65
A researcher is interested in the travel time of Georgian University students to college. A group of 50 students is inte
Population
Statistic
Variable
Parameter
66
Which method of data collection is used if you collect data for a study about the effects of a certain drug given to 10
Perform an experiment
Conduct a survey
Perform a retrospective study
Use observational data
67
Qualitative and quantitative research methods are never used together in a study
False
True
68
Values measured in numeric values with meaning (units/counts), such as the number of minutes, weight (in pounds), or sno
Ordinal
Qualitative
Nominal
Quantitative
69
Which of the following is true? A P value of 0.05 means that:
The null hypothesis is proven true
The result is not statistically significant
The result is significant at the P < 0.05 level
There is a 5% chance the alternative
70
Animals, plants, and inanimate subjects are called:
subjects or Participants
Variables
Data points
Samples
71
Which of the following is true?
An experiment can have no independent variables.
An experiment can have more than one dependent variable.
An experiment can have no dependent variables
An experiment can only have one independent variable.
72
You can actually count the possible responses: Key: e.g: –number of children – number of students – number of pages
Continuous variables
Discrete Variables
Nominal variables
Ordinal variables
73
What percentage of values lie within ±1.96 standard deviations of the mean?
68%
95%
99.7%
90%
74
Which of the following data represents interval continuous data?
Height of children
Gender of children
Number of children in a class
75
Which of the following options isn't true? Frequency measures used to summarize categorical variables are:
Counts
Proportions
Mean
Percentages
76
_________ are observations (such as measurements, genders, survey responses) that have been collected.
Data
Samples
Variables
Statistics
77
Bar graphs Bars may be vertical or horizontal, but should touch All must be equal width
True
False
78
What is the name of the variable which is usually measured or tested in an experiment?
Dependent variable
Confounding variable
Independent variable
Control variable
79
Pain assessment scale is an example of which type of data?
Ratio
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
80
What is NOT an objective of epidemiology? (Choose one best answer)
To identify the distribution and determinants of health-related states or e
To develop public health policies based on data.
To provide therapeutic and surgical assistance to patients.
To evaluate the effectiveness of health interventions.
81
Which type of study assesses the efficacy of a treatment intervention in a controlled, standardized, and highly monitore
Cohort study
Randomized controlled trial
Case-control study
Cross-sectional study
82
Which of the following isn't a measure of central tendency?
Ratio
Median
Mean
Mode
83
Which type of study follows up a similar group of individuals who are initially free of the outcome of interest, but for
Cross-sectional study
Prospective cohort study
Retrospective cohort study
Case-control study
84
A designed experiment is a test or series of tests in which ____________ changes are made to the input variables so that
Minimal
Random
Uncontrolled
Purposeful
85
The standard error of a data set will always be:
Equal to the standard deviation
Unrelated to the standard deviation
Larger than the standard deviation
Smaller than the standard deviation
86
Which statement is true regarding a measure of central location
All above mentioned statements are true
Shows tendency for values to gather around a central / “ average” value and
Are used to summarizes continuous variables
Provides a single value that summarizes an entire distribution of data
87
Statistics is
All above mentioned statements are true
a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretati
piece of data obtained from a study of a large quantity of numerical data
the science of assembling and interpreting numerical data
88
A researcher is curious about the IQ of students at Georgian University. The entire group of students is an example of a
Subgroup
Population
Sample
Control group
89
___________ is one in which participants are merely observed and measured.
Cross-sectional study
Experimental study
Observational study
Longitudinal study
90
Criteria for judging the evidence of causality include:
all above
strength of association
Temporal relationship
consistency
91
Which statement isn’t true? Linear regression
It models the relationship between two continuous variables
It assumes a linear relationship between the independent and dependent vari
It seeks to describe data dispersions from the central value using the line
It minimizes the sum of squared differences between observed and predicted
92
What effect would increasing the sample size have on a confidence interval?
The confidence interval would remain the same size
The confidence interval would increase in size.
The confidence interval would become wider.
The confidence interval would decrease in size
93
Which type of study assesses whether one or more treatments are superior to others?
Cross-sectional study
Cohort study
Case-control study
Double-blind trial
94
In order for accurate measures of the linear relationship between two variables to be achieved, what type of data are re
Interval
Ordinal
Ratio
Nominal
95
A traffic cop was stopping every 5th car to check for insurance and license. What type of sampling method is the cop usi
Stratified sampling
Convenience sampling
Simple random sampling
Systematic sampling
96
The mean is:
A measure of data dispersion
The value that occurs most frequently in a data set.
The value that is closest to all the other values in a distribution
The middle value when the data are arranged in ascending order
97
Which of the question isn’t true for descriptive epidemiologic studies?
What is the distribution of the disease?
When and where are people affected by the disease?
Who is affected by the disease?
Why was the population affected?
98
Which of the following statements is true about a proportion?
Proportion is the comparison of two parts.
Proportion is the ratio of two events happening at the same time.
Proportion is the comparison of a part to the whole.
Proportion is used only in quantitative analysis.
99
The data that categories patients as males or females are known as:
Ordinal data
Ratio data
Interval data
Nominal data

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