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1
Which of the following is a stimulant?
Cocaine
Alcohol
Heroin
LSD
2
What happens when someone develops tolerance to a drug?
They stop craving the drug
They experience withdrawal immediately
They become permanently immune to the drug
They need more of the drug to feel the same effect
3
Which of the following is an example of psychological dependance on a drug?
Experiencing physical pain after stopping a drug
Vomiting and shaking after withdrawal
Developing a tolerance over time
Believing you need a drug to relieve stress
4
Which sleep disorder is most associated with REM sleep?
Night terrors
Sleep paralysis
Sleepwalking
Insomnia
5
Which part of the hypothalamus is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?
Medula Oblongata
Corpus Callosum
Thalamus
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
6
What is the process of bringing back stones information called?
Retrival
Consolidation
Storage
Encoding
7
Which of the following is a hallucinogen?
Morphine
Alcohol
LSD
Nicotine
8
What is an example of assimilation in thinking?
Using stereotypes to categorize people
Ignoring new facts that don't fit into existing beliefs
A child calling a whale a "big fish" based on prior knowledge
Adjusting beliefs when learning new information
9
Which of the following is the correct order of language development?
Babbling->Full sentences->Two word->One word
One word->Babbling->Full sentences->Two word
Full sentences->Two word->Babbling->One word
Babbling->One word->Two word->Full sentences
10
What does the evolutionary/circadian view suggest about sleep?
It repairs the body
It evolved to keep us safe from predators
It helps store memories
It increased alertness
11
Which type of amnesia causes inability to remember past events?
Infantile amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Memory decay
Retrograde amnesia
12
Which of the following is an algorithm?
A mental shortcut used for quick decision
A guessing strategy
A bias that distorts reasoning
A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution
13
What can self-consciousness sometimes feel unpleasant?
It always leads to positive self-growth
It completely removes self-awareness
It makes people compare themselves to high standards
It helps people ignore their own actions
14
What is an example of an automatic process?
Walking while talking
Writing an essay
Driving in heavy traffic
Solving a math problem
15
What is the primary effect of opiates?
Cause hallucinations
Induce relaxation without pain relief
Block pain and create euphoria
Increase heart rate and energy
16
What is belief perseverance?
Making quick decisions based on intuition
Holding onto beliefs even after they've been proven false
Learning from mistakes and adjusting thinking
The tendency to forget new information
17
Why do most people not remember early childhood memories?
Childhood memories are repressed
Babies do not form memories
Early memories are erased over time
The hippocampus is still developing
18
Which function of sleep is associated with body repair and growth?
Cognitive restoration
Physical restoration
Circadian adaptation
Emotional processing
19
Which of the following describes cognitive conservatism?
Holding onto beliefs despite contradictory evidence
Forgetting information that doesn't match your beliefs
Seeing everything only from your own perspective
Making decisions based on emotions rather than logic
20
What does the decay theory of memory suggest?
Unused memories fade over time
Interference is the main cause of forgetting
Forgetting is caused only by brain damage
Memories are always permanently stored
21
Which sleep stage is the deepest and most restorative?
Stage 2 (NREM)
REM sleep
Stage 1 (NREM)
Stage 3 (NREM)
22
What happens during Stage 3 of sleep?
Deep sleep with slow delta waves
Light sleep with twitching
Dreaming with muscle paralysis
Body temperature
23
Which of the following is an example of a mental set?
Giving up on solving problems altogether
Always trying to solve a problem the same way, even when it no longer works
Ignoring past experiences when solving a problem
Using trial and error to find a new solution
24
Which type of drug slows down brain activity and causes relaxation?
Stimulants
Opiates
Hallucinogens
Depressants
25
What is retroactive interference?
Old information blocks new learning
New information blocks access to old memories
Forgetting due to stress
Memory loss due to decay
26
What does the cognitive/habit theory suggest about drug use?
People use drugs to escape reality
Drug use becomes part of a person's routine and thinking
Drugs are used due to peer pressure
People only use drugs for fun
27
Which of the following is a positive effect of self-consciousness?
Causes self-doubt
Increases social anxiety
Makes people feel judged
Encourage self-improvement
28
Why does deja vu occur?
It happens when a new memory is being formed
The brain confuses reality with imagination
Similar retrieval cues trigger old memories
It is caused by false memories
29
Which sleep disorder is characterized by sudden, uncontrollable sleep attacks?
Insomnia
Sleep paralysis
Sleep apnea
Narcolepsy
30
What is the primary way long-term memory is encoded?
Procedural (skills-based)
Acoustic (sound-based)
Visual (image-based)
Semantic (meaning-based)
31
What is the main symptom of insomnia
Waking up too early
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Excessive REM sleep
Sudden sleep attacks
32
What is a cognitive benefit of sleep?
Higher heart rate
Memory consolidation
Increased metabolism
Muscle repair
33
Which psychological theory suggests people use drugs because they like the effects?
Cognitive/Habit view
Learning/Reinforcement view
Social/Peer pressure view
Psychodynamic view
34
According to Freud, what is the latent content of a dream?
The hidden meaning of the dream
The dream's storyline
A memory from real life
Random neural activity
35
Which type of memory has an unlimited capacity?
Sensory memory
Long term memory
Working memory
Short term memory
36
Which of the following is an example of a script?
Knowing how to act in a job interview without being told
Remembering a false event
Organizing memories into hierarchy
The ability to recall childhood memories
37
Which sleep stage is associated with vivid dreaming?
Stage 3 NREM
Stage 2 NREM
REM sleep
Stage 1 NREM
38
How long does short-term memory typically last?
Less than one second
A lifetime
15-30 seconds
A few hours
39
Which of the following is an example of prototype?
A mental framework for understanding the world
An eagle as the best example of a bird
A memorized sequence of actions at work
A belief that all doctors are men
40
What is a heuristic?
A method that guarantees the correct answer
A type of memory storage
A mental shortcut for making quick decisions
A logical,step-by-step procedure
41
Which of the following is an example of private-self consciousness?
Reflecting on your personal values and emotions
Feeling nervous about how others see you
Feeling confident in a public speech
Changing your behavior to fit in socially
42
What is the difference between logical and natural categories? (TWO ANSWERS)
Logical categories have clear definitions
Both types are always based on strict definitions
Natural categories have flexible boundaries
There is no difference between the two
43
What is inattentional blindness?
Failing to notice something because you're focused on something else
The brain's ability to multitask efficiently
Losing the ability to see in bright light
The process of switching between automatic and controlled tasks
44
Which type of long-term memory stores facts and general knowledge?
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Sensory memory
45
What is the primary way short-term memory is encoded?
Procedural (skills-based)
Semantic (meaning-based)
Visual (image-based)
Acoustic (sound-based)
46
Which brain structure is essential for forming new long term memories?
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Hippocampus
Medulla
47
What is the difference between syntax and semantics?
Both are about pronunciation
Syntax is about sentence structure;semantics is about meaning
They are the same thing
Syntax is about meaning; semantics is about structure
48
Which type of memory holds sensory information for a brief moment before fading?
Procedural memory
Sensory memory
Long-term memory
Short-term memory
49
What is proactive interference?
Forgetting due to memory decay
Old memories block learning new information
Retrieving memories faster over time
New memories interfere with old ones
50
What is a key characteristic of REM sleep?
Muscle paralysis and dreaming
Lightest stage of sleep
Slow delta waves
Sleep spindles
51
What is insight in problem-solving
Guessing randomly
The use of trial and error
Following step-by-step procedures
A sudden realization of a solution
52
Which of the following is an example of mindfulness?
Taking notes while watching a movie
Actively listening to a lecture
Driving home without remembering the drive
Writing an essay while talking
53
Which of the following situations is most likely to increase self-consciousness?
Speaking in front of a large audience
Listening to music while studying
Relaxing at home alone
Sleeping
54
What are concepts in thinking?
The process of making decisions quickly
Mental categories used to organize information
Step-by-step procedures for problem-solving
The rules that govern language
55
Which type of memory helps you remember how to ride a bike or play an instrument?
Sensory memory
Procedural memory
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
56
Which of the following is a type of encoding?
Short-term storage
Acoustic (hearing)
Procedural (skills)
Retrival (bringing back info)
57
What is the difference between drug use and drug abuse?
Use is illegal, while abuse is legal
Abuse causes harm or is not medically necessary
Abuse only happens with illegal drugs
Use and abuse are the same
58
What is the average capacity of short-term memory?
20 items
7+-2 items
3 items
Unlimited
59
According to Freud, what is repression?
Pushing painful memories into the unconscious
Memories fading over time
Voluntarily choosing to forget something
Forgetting things due to interference
60
What is key characteristic of hypnosis?
Increased suggestibility
Inability to follow instructions
Increased alertness
Loss of consciousness
61
What is confirmation bias?
The feeling that you knew something after it happened
Ignoring information that is consistent
The ability to predict future events
The tendency to search for information that supports existing beliefs
62
What does retrieval failure mean?
A memory is erased permanently
A memory is stored but cannot be accessed
The memory was never encoded
Information is completely lost
63
What is an example of the representativeness heuristic?
Using logical probabilities to make a decision
Avoiding decision-making altogether
Assuming someone is a librarian because they look "quiet and bookish"
Thinking car crashes are common after seeing one on TV
64
What is the "tip of the tongue" phenomenon?
Forgetting something permanently
Encoding failure
A temporary failure to retrieve a known memory
The ability to recall everything instantly
65
What is a circadian rhythm?
A 24 hour internal clock that regulates processes like sleep
The ability to perceive external stimuli
A response to a sudden loud noise
A cycle that only happens once a year
66
What is Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Poor diet
Lack of physical activity
Changes in daylight exposures
Overuse of electronic devices
67
Which tool is commonly used to study brain activity during sleep?
MRI
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
X-RAY
CT scan
68
What is source amnesia
Losing all memory due to brain damage
A type of long term memory loss
Forgetting where or how you learned information
The inability to retrieve any memories
69
What is consciousness?
A biological rhythm that controls movement
A state or deep sleep
Awareness of internal and external experiences
The ability to see and hear
70
What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
It processes visual and auditory information
It helps form and story long term memories
It regulates emotions like fear and aggression
It controls balance and movement
71
How often does the sleep cycle repeat during the night?
Every 6 hours
Every 90 minutes
Every 3 hours
Every 30 minutes
72
According to Freud's psychodynamic view, why do people use drugs?
To escape from problems and unpleasant emotions
Because their body builds a habit
Due to peer pressure
Because they enjoy the effects
73
What is a morpheme in language?
The smallest sound unit
The smallest unit of meaning
A type of memory storage
The rules for sentence structures
74
What happens if someone loses their procedural memory?
They lose their ability to recall life events
They stop being able to form new memories
They can't remember basic facts
They might forget how to do everyday tasks, like tying their shoes
75
What happens Stage 1 sleep?
Light sleep, transition from wakefulness
Longest stage of sleep
Deep sleep with delta waves
Dreaming and muscle paralysis
76
What does the social/peer pressure view say about drug use?
Drugs always improve self-esteem
People use drugs only to escape their problems
Drug use becomes a habit over time
People use drugs to fit in or control their image
77
Which of the following is an example of everyday reasoning?
Using stereotypes to make a quick judgement
Solving a math equation with step-by-step logic
Following strict logical rules to solve a puzzle
Avoiding all biases in decision-making
78
Which of following is an example of formal reasoning?
Using stereotypes to judge a person
Making a decision based on emotions
Solving a math problem using logical rules
Assuming someone is unfriendly based on first impressions
79
Why do people daydream?
Only people with active imaginations do it
To completely shut off from reality
Because their brain stops working
To mentally plan for future events
80
Which of the following is a negative effect of self-consciousness?
Overthinking and social anxiety
Learning from past mistakes
Becoming more self-aware in a positive way
Feeling more confident in your decisions
81
Which type of long-term memory involves recalling personal life events?
Semantic memory
Sensory memory
Episodic memory
Procedural memory
82
Which of the following occurs during Stage 2 sleep?
Slow-wave delta activity
Vivid dreaming
Sleep spindles and temperature drop
Hypnic jerks
83
What is an example of egocentric thinking?
Being completely rational and unbiased
Changing your perspective based on new information
Assuming everyone else sees the world the same way you do
Avoiding personal opinions when making decisions
84
What is cognition?
The process of thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving
A process free of bias and error
Only rational and logical decision-making
The ability to store long-term memories
85
What is an example of schema?
A specific memory of an event
An automatic sequence of actions
A mental framework for understanding how a classroom works
The best example of a category
86
What is a symptom of drug withdrawal?
An immediate sense of relief
The ability to function better without the drug
Physical or Psychological discomfort after stopped drug use
Increased resistance to the drug's effects
87
What is an example of public self consciousness?
Meditating to clear your thoughts
Worrying about how others perceive your outfit
Reflecting on your personal goals
Thinking about what you ate for lunch
88
What is a false memory?
A memory that is repressed but still true
A highly detailed and accurate memory
A memory of an event that never happened or was remembered inaccurately
A memory only stored in short term memory
89
What does the activation-synthesis theory suggest about dreams?
Dreams reveal deep unconscious desires
Dreams are random brain activity that the mind tries to interpret
Dreams serve no purpose
Dreams are a way to solve real-life problems
90
What hormone does the pineal gland release to regulate sleep?
Seratonin
Dopamine
Melatonin
Cortisol
91
What is mood-congruent memory?
Remembering things best when in the same emotional state
Memories changing based on mood swings
Forming stronger memories when happy
Forgetting things due to emotional stress
92
Which of the following is an example of physiological dependance on a drug?
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms like nausea and sweating
Developing a habit of using the drug at the same time every day
Feeling emotionally attached to the drug
Using the drug to cope with stress
93
What is a psychoactive drug?
Any medication prescribed by a doctor
A substance that alters mood, perception, and consciousness
A drug that improves physical performance
A chemical that only affects the body but not the mind
94
What is an example of the availability heuristic?
Ignoring logical probabilities and relying on gut instinct
Thinking shark attacks are common because they are on the news often
Making a decision after carefully weighing all options
Believing a coin flip is "due" to land on heads after five tails
95
Where is the bodies "biological clock"
Pineal Gland
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Cerebellum
96
What are the two main types of sleep?
Sleep and Wakefulness
NREM and REM
Theta and Delta
Light and Deep
97
Which of the following best describes long-term memory?
Mostly encoded acoustically
Holds information for about 30 seconds
Unlimited storage with mostly semantic encoding
Has limited capacity
98
What does the information-processing theory suggest about dreams?
Dreams help process daily experiences
Dreams are meaningless
Dreams reflect unconscious desires
Dreams help process daily experiences
99
What is expected utility theory?
Relying on gut instincts instead of logic
A careful, rational way of making decisions
Using mental shortcuts to speed up decision-making
The belief that past events influence future outcomes
