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IAL Psychology: Research methods
What is a random error?
What statistical test uses nominal data?
IAL Psychology: Research methods
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1
What statistical test uses nominal data?
Spearman Rho
Mann Whitney U
Wilcoxon
Chi Squared
2
What is a random error?
an error caused by something in the researcher's control
an error caused by flawed research designs
an error caused by something unexpected in research
3
What type of data would you collect if you compared how many men & women preferred to eat crisps rather than chocolate?
interval
ordinal
nominal
4
Open ended questions collect quantitative data
False
True
5
Meta analysis involves comparing the results from multiple studies
True
False
6
Data from closed questions help to produce qualitative data
True
False
7
What is a Type 1 error?
when a null hypothesis is wrongly rejected
when something significant is wrongly rejected
when a null hypothesis is wrongly accepted
when something insignificant is wrongly accepted
8
What is the purpose of peer reviews?
To get help from peers about how to improve
To identify errors, ethical concerns or other problems
To create competition in the field
To check research quality before it is published
9
What is ecological validity?
the extent to which a study replicates a realistic situation
the extent to which results can be applied to different countries
the accuracy of results in a given situation
the amount of ethics broken in a study
10
What is the correct definition of Order Effects
when pps' performances are affected by factors e.g: boredom & fatigue
when pps aim to please the investigator
when pps guess the aim of a study
11
What is the purpose of a peer review?
to ensure that research is accurate before it reaches the public domain
to ensure the research is intriguing enough for publication
to ensure that research is finished before it reaches the public domain
12
What is true about peer reviews?
they are plagued by elitism
they lead to fraudulent work
they are quick to conduct
specialists are always available
13
If you monitored pps' pulse, you would collect interval data
False
True
14
Qualitative data analysis involves looking for themes
False
True
15
Why might a questionnaire be better than an interview?
people can refuse to take part easier
we can measure body language in a questionnaire
anonymous answers may be more valid
16
What is the correct definition of Reliabilty?
the ability to repeat a study again and again
the accuracy of results in a given situation
consistency in your results
the ability to replicate your results
17
Replicability leads to reliability
True
False
18
What is the purpose of an abstract in conventional reports?
a condensed bibliography
a concise summary of a whole report
a concise biography of the researcher
a brief introduction to the whole report
19
Which interview type would be associated with a police interview?
unstructured
structured
semi structured
20
What is debriefing?
ensuring pps are returned to their normal state after a study
ensuring that pps have all the facts before a study begins
reminding pps of their RTW from a study before they begin
21
Which graph is most suitable to display correlational data?
line graph
scatter graph
histograph
bar chart
22
Which statement is true about matched pairs designs?
they lead to demand characteristics
they are easier to conduct in comparison to other designs
they are expensive to setup due to the matching of pp variables
23
Content analysis involves looking for patterns of behaviour in people
False
True
24
What is a limitation of using interviews as a research method?
they remove pps RTW from a study
they are quicker than other methods at collecting rich data
they are likely to cause people to change their behaviours
25
Correlations involve co-variables
False
True
26
What are categories of behaviour?
a list of specific behaviours that researchers aim to observe
a list of general behaviours that researchers aim to observe
a list of behaviours that the observers see during their study
27
What could affect results if not controlled?
Independent variables
Extraneous variables
Dependent variables
Confounding variables
28
What question type should be
avoided
when designing a survey?
open
long
closed
ambiguous
29
Which is an example of a natural experiment (TW: suicide)
suicide rates before & after a celebrity suicide
memory scores of students in a classroom test
aggression of children in a playground, before & after lunch
30
What is true of case studies?
they cannot be generalised to the wider population
they are affected by pp drop out rates
they provide rich information
they rely on subjective interpretation of the researcher
31
Which statement is
false
about matched pairs designs?
they minimise the individual differences that could affect the results
they are the most likely design to lead to order effects
they are expensive to conduct & set up
32
The null hypothesis will always be rejected
True
False
33
Which is
NOT
a reason for conducting a pilot study?
to check your work for errors before conducting full scale research
to ensure your study is pitched at the right difficulty level
to produce extra results to use as a comparison to the real results
34
Longitudinal studies are affected by attrition (drop out rates)
False
True
35
What is objectivity?
using your own opinions to make sense of results in a study
removing all of your own bias from a study or hypothesis
remaining neutral when analysisng results of a study
36
Self selected sampling can lead to an unrepresentative sample
False
True
37
Which feature of science refers to the ability to remain free from bias?
hypothesising
objectivity
peer reviews
falsifiability
38
confounding variables: extraneous variables that the researcher is has failed to/unable to control
True
False
39
Which is a way to analyse emerging themes from qualitative data?
content analysis
thematic analysis
case study analysis
40
What is the purpose of conducting pilot studies?
Identify issues with materials
For peers to approve or decline your research
Gather additional data
Identify problems with research design
41
What are examples of interval level measurement?
ratings
time (mins)
gender
weight (lbs)
42
What is a type of experimental design?
longitudinal desing
cross-sectional design
Independent groups
Observational design
43
Which is the correct description of an unstructured interview?
no questions prepared before the interview takes place
a standard set of questions that are asked to everyone in the interview
1 or 2 questions pre prepared before the interview
44
What are demand characteristics?
the boredom & fatigue experienced by some pps in a study
the desire for pps to appear intelligent in a study
cues that help pps guess how to behave in a study
45
What statistical test could be used to check the reliability of research results?
Wilcoxon
Mann Whitney U
Chi Squared
Spearman Rho
46
Peer reviews are free from subjectivity
False
True
47
Which statement is
false
about independent group designs?
they minimise individual differences in pps
they avoid order effects e.g: boredom & fatigue
they require twice as many pps as a repeated measures design
48
Why do psychologists use the 0.05 level of significance?
it is reasonable room for error
it avoids type 2 errors
it avoids type 1 errors
it is most likely to support a hypothesis
49
Why would a researcher only offer a non directional hypothesis?
when they want to raise their chances of proving something significant
when they were new to the job
when previous research has not been done on this particular area
50
Which statement is
false
about repeated measures designs?
they are quicker to conduct than some other designs
they are free from order effects as pps only take part in a study once
they allow duplicate use of pps
51
Which is
false
about Type 2 errors?
they lead to the wrongful rejection of something significance
they only happen when a really high significance level is chosen
they are avoided with a 0.05 significance level
52
If P <= 0.05, what is the likelihood of making a Type 1 error?
0.05
0.10
0.01
53
Which are key features of science?
Objectivity
Replicability
Reliability
Inferences
54
What is a critical value?
recommended stat value to compare ur results to, to check for anomalies
the recommended room for error in research
recommended stat value to compare ur results to, to check for significance
55
Why may interviews be better than surveys as a research method?
Interviews provide an opportunity to seek clarity on a question
interviews are quicker to conduct than surveys
interview data is easier to analyse than survey data
56
What is a correlation coefficient?
the no assigned to a correlation that represents strength of a relationship
no assigned to a correlation to determine the direction of the relationship
no assigned to a correlation that suggests whether it is weak or negative
57
Lab experiments can establish cause & effect
False
True
58
What is counterbalancing?
ensuring all pps receive the same standardised experience in a study
balancing the confounding variables that could affect results of a study
mixing up the order of the conditions of a study
59
What is the purpose of a null hypothesis?
to be disproved
to be accepted
to be a backup plan if you don't get the results you hope for
60
Which statement is true about repeated measures designs?
plagued with individual differences due to high numbers of pps needed
they are time consuming to conduct
they often lead to order effects in pps e.g: boredom
61
What type of data would you collect if you ranked people by height?
nominal
ordinal
interval
62
What is a field experiment?
when a study takes place in a loosely controlled environment
when a study takes place in an environment beyond the researcher's control
when a study takes place in a highly controlled environment
63
What is an example of a negative correlation?
the more miles i drive, the less petrol i have left
the longer i revise for, the more i sleep
the more angry i get, the more testosterone i produce
64
What is a Type 1 error?
When a lenient significance level has been used
When the hypothesis is accepted when it should be rejected
A false positive
When the hypothesis is rejected when it should be accepted
65
What is the correct definition of Matched Pairs Design?
when one group of participants experience all parts of a study
when 2 groups of pps experience all parts of a study
when 2 similar groups of pps only take part in 1 part of the study each
66
How do you collect a random sample?
choose names from a hat that already contains every possible pp name
approach people in the street & ask them to take part in your study
leave leaflets on a hotel reception desk
67
Which is not a type of correlation relationship?
positive
negative
neutral
none
68
Qualitative data can be converted into quantitative data
False
True
69
What type of hypothesis predicts a specific outcome?
directional hypothesis
B-O-A-F boaf
non directional hypothesis
70
Which statistical test would not be used to analyse a correlation?
pearson's R
sign test
spearman's Rho
71
What type of data would you collect if you were counting money?
nominal
interval
ordinal
72
What is a type of data?
Qualitative
Primary
research design
hypothesis
73
What feature of science is concerned with the ability to prove/disprove research findings?
objectivity
falsifiability
replicabilty
74
Which is not a measure of central tendency?
mode
range
median
75
What is target population?
people clustered together in one area
the sample used in a piece of research
the large group that a sample is supposed to represent
the general population that your results will be applied to
76
Opportunity sampling is free from bias
True
False
77
What is a null hypothesis?
a brief summary of your research
a statement that explains the rationale for your hypothesis
a statement that predicts no specific outcome
78
Content analysis involves looking at patterns & trends in materials e.g: magazines & TV adverts
True
False
79
What is an observed value?
the value on a critical table that your results would be compared to
the value you end up with after conducting a statistical test
the value that informs you about the consistency of your results
80
Dependent variables are manipulated by the investigator
False
True
81
Random sampling techniques will always provide you with a representative group of pps
True
False
82
What is an unrepresentative sampling technique?
random
cluster
opportunity
stratified
83
Which involves tallying behaviours in an observation?
event sampling
correlations
time sampling
84
What statistical test uses repeated measures?
Wilcoxon
Chi Squared
Mann Whitney U
85
What is a constant error?
an error within the research design
an error caused by the participants
an error that keeps occurring despite trying to amend it
86
Random sampling techniques is likely to be free from bias
False
True
87
What is internal validity?
the extent to which research can be generalised to other situations
the extent to which a researcher measures what was intended to be measured
the extent to which results can be applied to different countries
88
Why may surveys be better than interviews as a research method?
specialist training is not required to give out a survey
surveys are easier to withdraw from, than an interview
surveys allow you to ask for help when you are stuck
89
Which statement is true about independent group designs?
they are quicker than most other experimental designs
they can lead to order effects e.g: boredom & fatigue
they are often necessary when studying variables e.g: gender
90
Correlations can provide a causal link between 1 variable & another
False
True
91
What is meant by time sampling?
the length of time a researcher aims to spend on their study
the times at which you start & stop an observational study
the time intervals that a researcher decides to observe behaviours in
92
What is a significance level?
the likelihood that results will be significant
the probability that the null hypothesis will be rejected
the amount of error that is accounted for in research
93
What is replicability?
the consistency in your results
the extent to which research can be generalised to other situations
the ability to repeat a procedure in almost identical conditions
94
Only experiments use an independent variable
True
False
95
What is inter observer reliability?
when you use just one observer during the study
when multiple observers are used during a study & compare their results
when more than one observer is used during the study
96
What is the correct definition of 'experimental group designs'
the way in which pps are grouped in a study
the way in which pps are allocated to groups in a study
the way in which pps are instructed during a study
97
Which is an example of a positive correlation?
the more money i spend, the more shop receipts i have
the less i use my phone, the more credit i have left
the more i sleep, the less i yawn
98
How do you collect a self selected sample?
walk up to people in the street & asl them to volunteer
choose every 5th person from a list of names
put an advert in a local newspaper & ask people to contact you
99
Which observation type is the most replicable?
controlled
natural
participant
