A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

What is not a characteristic of groupthink?

gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)

What is cognitive dissonance?

a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...

a variety of environmental factors

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AP Exam Year end Review

150 termsStudBud Administration11 plays

A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
2
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
3
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
4
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
reticular formation
endocrine system
leftbrain/right brain communication
5
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test scales
test norms
test scores
6
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
trust vs. mistrust
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
7
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
obedience
conformity
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
8
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
behavior
the brain
conscious experience
9
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
consistency
accuracy of inference
10
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
reversibility
conservation
centration
11
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
12
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
fixation
displacement
13
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
procedural
crystallized
episodic
14
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
script
chunk
schema
15
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
16
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
occipital cortex
17
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
18
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an achievement test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
19
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
20
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
21
What is cognitive dissonance?
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
22
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
23
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
ESB
24
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
longitundinal
25
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
26
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
recall
reiteration
27
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a projective test
a self-report inventory
28
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
selection
shaping
29
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
30
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
31
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
insight learning
operant conditioning
latent learning
32
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological instability
physiological stability
33
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
unrealistic demands from family/friends
34
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
35
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
36
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
syntax
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
morphemes
37
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
attributions
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
38
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
39
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
pituitary
thalamus
thyroid
40
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
41
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
42
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
43
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
social charm
44
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
delta
alpha
gamma
beta
45
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
46
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
wish fulfillment theory
47
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
48
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
extinction
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
49
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
perception
attention
processing
50
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
51
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
thalamus
corpus callosum
pineal gland
52
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
logical reasoning
53
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
spontaneous recovery
54
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
cortex
thalamus
spinal cord
55
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
content
criterion-related
construct
56
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
cerebellum
reticular formation
57
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
58
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
59
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
reasoning
insight
intelligence
60
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
job discrimination experienced by the residents
the personal qualities of the residents
61
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
62
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
63
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
64
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
consciousness
hypnosis
perception
sensation
65
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
66
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
67
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
conformity
social loafing
deindividuation
group polarization
68
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
smell buds
69
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
70
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
tree-bird
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
71
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
physiological recordings
direct observation
psychological tests
72
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
73
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
attachment probing
secure-avoidant
strange situation
74
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
75
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
76
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
77
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
78
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
pitch
timbre
79
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
80
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
fear reaction
loud noise
rat
rabbit
81
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
82
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
83
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
operant conditioning
observational learning
84
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
85
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
86
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
classical conditioning
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
87
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
introspection
cognition
intelligence
88
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
89
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
anal
latency
genital
90
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
narcolepsy
insomnia
91
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
92
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
means
correlation coefficients
standard deviation
93
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
ablated
encoded
modeled
94
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
oval window
stirrup
cochlea
95
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
96
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
97
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
state-dependent learning
98
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
platonic
phonemic
99
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
top-down processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
100
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
overextension
101
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
attributionism
102
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
103
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
instinct theory
incentive theory
evolutionary theory
drive theory
104
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
social scripts
parental investments
investment differentiations
105
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
endorphin
106
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
107
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
mescaline
108
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
suppression
109
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
happiness
surprise
110
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
midpoint
mean
111
An antagonist...
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
112
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
pressure
frustration
conflict
change
113
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
114
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
logical-mathemathical
spatial
mechanical
musical
115
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
116
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
117
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
118
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
hearing a sound
moving a part of his body
119
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
120
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
content validity
predictive validity
121
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
122
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
123
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
preconventional
concrete
conventional
124
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
obsessions
hallucinations
delusions
125
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
a percentile score
a potential score
IQ
126
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
127
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
action potentials
128
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
irrational thoughts
the unconscious
129
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
130
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
131
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
tone
salivation
light
132
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
cyclical
bipolar
unipolar
133
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
intermediate-term
long-term
sensory
134
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
constancy
closure
symmetry
135
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
136
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
137
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
a just noticeable difference
138
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
lens
cornea
iris
139
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
personality
behavioral quality
attachment
140
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
saturation
light purity
brightness
141
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
pancreas
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
142
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender behaviors
143
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a sedative
144
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
145
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
prenatals
opiates
pathogens
146
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 1
REM
stage 4
147
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
148
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
anxiety
personality
mood
149
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
150
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
amount of time alseep
exposure to light
amount of time awake

AP Exam Year end Review Flashcards | StudBud