What can you conclude about the trait followed in the pedigree below?

It is coded for a sex-linked gene.

Which is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase during replication?

bonds new nucleotides to parent strand

How do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution?

They show that ancient species share similarities with species now on Earth

Why is Down syndrome called trisomy 21?

The syndrome results from an extra chromosome 21. Figure 11-1

Which series is arranged in order from largest to smallest in size?

cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA, nucleotide

According to Figure 14-1, the correct chronological order of organisms as they developed is _____.

prokaryotes, jawed fish, dinosaurs, birds

According to Darwin, which of the following best explains why the mara is more similar to other South American mammals t

It shares a closer ancestor with the South American animals.

Which explains how DNA strands fit inside of a cell?

DNA strands coil tightly around proteins called histones.

Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between natural selection and evolution?

Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution.

Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target insects are resist

The insects developed physiological adaptations to the insecticide.

Which of the following is the explanation of why bird wings and reptile forelegs are evidence of evolution?

Homologous structures indicate a common ancestor.

During the warm temperatures of summer, the arctic fox produces enzymes that cause its fur to become reddish-brown. Duri

The expression of certain genes is affected by temperature.

Fossil evidence proves that cyanobacteria were thriving as long as 3.5 million years ago. Integrating this evidence and

Cyanobacteria were some of the first photosynthetic prokaryotes. The oxygen

Which of the following is biochemical evidence for evolution?

Human hemoglobin is more similar to chimp hemoglobin than to mouse hemoglob

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of derived traits and ancestral traits?

Derived traits are recent features; ancestral traits are more primitive fea

Which is the central dogma of biology?

DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis.

Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells?

the person's offspring have mutated skin

Imagine you are a paleontologist who finds a well-preserved dinosaur skeleton. Careful excavation of the site reveals ap

The find is significant because it represents a dinosaur that lived after t

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Biology 1 Second Semester Exam Review

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Glencoe Biology Chapters 11-15

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Questions 120

Answers

1
What type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols in Figure 11-1 illustrate?
incomplete dominance
multiple alleles
codominance
sex-linked
2
What can you conclude about the trait followed in the pedigree below?
The trait shows polygenic inheritance.
It is incompletely dominant in every other generation.
It affects only females.
It is coded for a sex-linked gene.
3
According to Figure 14-1, what was the earliest form of multicellular life on Earth?
reptiles
fish
land plants
invertebrates
4
Nondisjunction is related to a number of serious human disorders. How does nondisjunction cause these disorders?
alters the chromosome number
alters the number of zygotes produced
alters the chromosome structure
alters the number of gametes produced
5
Which is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase during replication?
bonds mRNA to original parent strand
winds up the replicated DNA strand
bonds new nucleotides to parent strand
unwinds the replicated DNA strand
6
A researcher has been asked to develop a new strain of corn that has high oil content and low protein content. The lab h
Strain 3 × Strain 4
Strain 1 × Strain 2
Strain 4 × Strain 2
Strain 2 × Strain 5
7
Which DNA sequence in Figure 13-5 will be cleaved by EcoRI that cuts AATT/TTAA? Figure 13-5
C
B
D Figure 13-6
A
8
When investigating shell color of a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans, scientists di
stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection
artificial selection
9
If a species is suddenly introduced into a new habitat, what might occur?
adaptive radiation
selective speciation
coevolution
habitat speciation
10
How do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution?
They show evidence of species that are now extinct.
They are the primary source of evidence of natural selection.
They show that ancient species share similarities with species now on Earth
Fossils reveal that many species have remained unchanged for millions of ye
11
Why is Down syndrome called trisomy 21?
The person has an abnormal gene on chromosome 21.
The syndrome is caused by having 21 pairs of autosomes.
The syndrome results from an extra chromosome 21. Figure 11-1
The person has 21 pairs of chromosomes instead of 23.
12
What does relative dating depend on to identify similarly aged rocks in different locations?
the position of the rock layer
the mineral composition of the rock
the radiometric age of the rocks
the kinds of fossils found in the rock
13
What was the source of the original atmosphere of early Earth?
outgassing from rocks
light elements from space
meteorite impacts
volcanoes
14
A dominant genetic disorder will be expressed if an individual has _____________.
two genes for the disorder.
two alleles for the disorder.
one gene for the disorder.
one allele for the disorder.
15
Which type of natural selection shown in Figure 15-4 favors average individuals?
B
C
A
D
16
Which series is arranged in order from largest to smallest in size?
nucleotide, chromosome, cell, DNA, nucleus
cell, nucleotide, nucleus, DNA, chromosome Figure 12-2
cell, nucleus, chromosome, DNA, nucleotide
chromosome, nucleus, cell, DNA, nucleotide
17
Structure III in Figure 12-2 represents a(n) ____.
DNA molecule
gene
codon
amino acid
18
According to Figure 14-1, the correct chronological order of organisms as they developed is _____.
birds, dinosaurs, jawed fish, prokaryotes
prokaryotes, jawed fish, dinosaurs, birds
dinosaurs, jawed fish, birds, prokaryotes
jawed fish, dinosaurs, prokaryotes, birds
19
Some features in organisms can be compared to spandrels in architecture in that, although they appear to have a function
traits as adaptations
homologous structures in organisms
natural selection
vestigial structures in organisms
20
Which is a dominant genetic disorder?
albinism
achondroplasia
galactosemia
hemophilia
21
Which was the original source of atmospheric oxygen?
autotrophs
formation of the oceans
volcanoes
cooling of Earth's crust
22
What is the name used to describe a cross between two varieties of a plant used in an attempt to create a new variety wi
hybridization
selective breeding
cloning
polyploid planting
23
According to Darwin, which of the following best explains why the mara is more similar to other South American mammals t
It shares a closer ancestor with the South American animals.
Its geographic distribution indicates very little variation over time.
Its genotype is similar to the South American animals.
It shares amino-acid sequences with other South American animals.
24
A DNA segment is changed from-AATTAG- to -AAATAG-. This is a(n) ____.
substitution
deletion
insertion
frameshift mutation
25
Which explains how DNA strands fit inside of a cell?
DNA strands coil tightly around proteins called histones.
The average strand is only composed of 50-245 nucleotides.
The chromatin fibers of DNA are only three molecules thick.
The double helix shape of DNA greatly reduces its volume.
26
Which of the following is a correct statement about the relationship between natural selection and evolution?
Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution.
Natural selection includes evolution as a part of it.
Natural selection results from evolution.
Natural selection and evolution are the same thing.
27
Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target insects are resist
Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become less resistant to it.
The pesticide destroyed organisms that cause disease in the insects, thus a
Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become more resistant to it.
The insects developed physiological adaptations to the insecticide.
28
How many genes make up human DNA?
5000 to 10,000
20,000 to 25,000
45,000 to 50,000
70,000 to 75,000
29
Which of the following is the explanation of why bird wings and reptile forelegs are evidence of evolution?
Analogous structures indicate a common ancestor.
Vestigial structures point to a common ancestor.
Similar functions point to a common ancestor.
Homologous structures indicate a common ancestor.
30
During the warm temperatures of summer, the arctic fox produces enzymes that cause its fur to become reddish-brown. Duri
Mutations can be caused by temperature extremes.
The expression of certain genes is affected by temperature.
The genes of a fox are made of unstable DNA.
Random alteration of DNA can occur on certain chromosomes.
31
Which type of mutation causes the DNA replication to stop early?
nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation
deletion
addition
32
Which is the correct expression of a heterozygous genotype for a recessive genetic disorder?.
aa
Aa
a
A
33
Fossil evidence proves that cyanobacteria were thriving as long as 3.5 million years ago. Integrating this evidence and
Cyanobacteria were the first eukaryotic cells. They harbored smaller prokar
Cyanobacteria extract energy from inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulf
Cyanobacteria were some of the first photosynthetic prokaryotes. The oxygen
Cyanobacteria were among the first cells adapted as predators, so they spur
34
Which of the following is biochemical evidence for evolution?
Embryonic human hemoglobin is different from adult human hemoglobin.
Human hemoglobin is different than mouse hemoglobin.
Human hemoglobin is more similar to chimp hemoglobin than to mouse hemoglob
Hemoglobin in humans can vary between different individuals.
35
Which scientist confirmed that DNA is genetic material?
Chargaff
Crick
Hershey
Levene
36
The process by which plants are bred to produce larger fruits and a longer growing time is called
offspring breeding.
recessive breeding.
selective breeding.
dominant breeding.
37
Which does NOT play a role in determining an individual's sex?
autosomes
meiosis
gametes
chromosomes
38
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of derived traits and ancestral traits?
Derived traits are recent features; ancestral traits are more primitive fea
Derived traits appear in species; ancestral traits appear in genera or high
Derived traits are primitive; ancestral traits are contemporary.
Derived traits result from artificial selection; ancestral traits result fr
39
Applicants for the fourth job of the Help Wanted ad in Table 12-1, "Supervisor," could qualify if they were ____.
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
40
Which is the central dogma of biology?
DNA codes for RNA, which guides protein synthesis.
RNA codes for DNA, which guides enzyme synthesis.
DNA codes for RNA, which guides enzyme synthesis.
RNA codes for DNA, which guides protein synthesis.
41
Superficially similar features molded by natural selection in very different species are classified as what kind of stru
vestigial
homologous
comparative
analogous
42
Which do scientists use to cut genomic DNA into smaller fragments to isolate specific genes?
DNA ligase
restriction enzymes
transgenic bacteria
recombinant DNA
43
Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells?
no change in functioning of the skin cell
reduced functioning of the skin cell
skin cancer
the person's offspring have mutated skin
44
Imagine you are a paleontologist who finds a well-preserved dinosaur skeleton. Careful excavation of the site reveals ap
The find is significant because the dinosaur skeleton is so well preserved.
The find is significant because it represents a dinosaur that lived after t
The find is not very significant since well-preserved dinosaur skeletons ar
The find is significant because it indicates that dinosaur bones may be a s
45
Which are the two main parts that make up a chromosome?
DNA and RNA
RNA and phosphate
DNA and protein
sugar and phosphate
46
On the islands of Hawaii there are a group of about 30 species of highly variable, but closely related, species of plant
mimicry
analogous structures
vestigial structures
adaptive radiation
47
Which scientist determined the basic structure of nucleotides that make up DNA?
Watson
Levene
Chargaff
Wilkins
48
What is the term describing the process that occurs when a species evolves into a new species without a physical barrier
sympatric speciation
allopatric speciation
coevolution
adaptive radiation
49
What would the half-life of the isotope used to date the age of Earth at 4.6 billion years be?
1,000,000,000 years
1,000,000 years
100,000 years
5730 years
50
A mass extinction that included the disappearance of all dinosaur species occurred during the __________
Paleozoic era.
Mesozoic era.
Precambrian.
Cenozoic era.
51
Which process separates DNA fragments by size?
polymerase chain reaction
recombinant DNA technology
gel electrophoresis
DNA sequencing
52
Which scientist discovered that the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae changed its form?
Chase
Watson
Avery
Griffith
53
Which of the structures in Figure 12-2 are composed of RNA?
II and IV
I and V
III and V
III and IV
54
Which is a disadvantage of hybridization?
Hybridization is technically difficult to perform.
Hybridization is harmful to the affected organisms.
Hybridization is time-consuming and expensive.
Hybridization is inferior to genetic engineering.
55
Which is the process that scientists use to produce large numbers of recombinant DNA molecules?
polymerase chain reaction
recombinant DNA technology
gel electrophoresis
gene cloning
56
What occurs during the process of meiosis in humans that can lead to a child with the condition of Down Syndrome?
production of gametes with one duplicate sex chromosome
production of gametes with one duplicate chromosome
production of a duplicate chromosome set
production of gametes which are diploid
57
Which process is applied to identify mutations or errors in DNA molecules?
polymerase chain reaction
gel electrophoresis
recombinant DNA technology
DNA sequencing
58
Down syndrome is the result of an extra chromosome 21 in a gamete. What caused this to happen?
nondisjunction
environment
chromosome inactivation
telomeres
59
Which is the process by which unwanted aggressive behaviors are bred out of certain types of dogs?
test crosses
inbreeding
hybridization
selective breeding
60
You and your colleagues are constructing a pedigree for a boy with cystic fibrosis. The individual's younger brother has
The older brother would be a shaded square, while the younger brother would
Both would be represented as completely shaded circles.
Both would be represented as completely shaded squares.
Both would be represented as unshaded squares.
61
A test cross can help a gardener determine that a rose plant has a
genotype rr.
phenotype Rr.
genotype Rr.
phenotype rr.
62
Which was most likely a consequence of the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea on the evolution of life on Earth?
Populations of animals separated by the breakup of Pangea probably adapted
Continental drift could rapidly change local climates, driving species to e
Populations of animals separated by the breakup of Pangea probably remained
Continental drift could rapidly change local climates, triggering the evolu
63
Which did scientists know about molecular genetics in the early 1900s?
DNA differs from RNA.
Four basic nucleotides comprise DNA.
DNA is genetic material.
Chromosomes carry genetic information.
64
For the trait being followed in the pedigree, individuals II-1 and II-4 in Figure 11-1 can be classified as ____.
homozygous dominant
carriers
homozygous recessive
mutants
65
A man carrying the allele for Huntington's disease marries a woman who is homozygous recessive for the allele. What is t
50 percent
25 percent
75 percent
100 percent
66
Applicants for the third job of the Help Wanted ad in Table 12-1, "Executive Position," could qualify if they were ____.
mRNA
tRNA
rRNA
DNA
67
Which answer best shows an animal's adaptation to the tropical rain forest?
the long neck of a giraffe
camouflage in a tree frog
an elephant's long trunk
migration of birds in winter
68
How can the genetic disorder known as hemophilia be defined?
dominant, sex-linked disorder common to females
recessive, sex-linked disorder common to females
dominant, sex-linked disorder common to males
recessive, sex-linked disorder common to males
69
Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for evolutionary change?
large population, many mutations
large population, few mutations
small population, many mutations
small population, few mutations
70
Which disorder prevents sufficient chloride ions from entering cells?
cystic fibrosis
galactosemia
albinism
Down syndrome
71
A researcher samples bat guano (droppings) that has built up in a 2-meter layer on the floor of a cave. At a depth of 0.
17,190 years
22,000 years
5730 years
11,460 years
72
In which part of the cell does this process shown in Figure 12-2 take place?
at the ribosomes
on the chromosome
in the nucleus
in food vacuoles
73
Which gas most likely was not part of Earth's early atmosphere?
oxygen
hydrogen cyanide
nitrogen
carbon dioxide
74
Scientists use the process of genetic engineering to
change the arrangement of genes in an organism's DNA
insert the DNA of one organism into another organism.
map out the sequences of nucleotides in human DNA.
combine an organism's RNA proteins with its DNA.
75
There is good evidence that a meteor hit Earth about 65 million years ago. Which of the following events that scientists
The impact itself triggered global tsunamis.
Atmospheric debris changed global climates for months or years.
The meteor was large enough to trigger powerful earthquakes.
Volcanic eruptions were set off by the impact.
76
What do galactosemia and Tay-Sachs disease have in common?
Both are conditions caused by dominant alleles.
Both are conditions characterized by respiratory failure.
Both are conditions in which the genotype will be seen in the phenotype.
Both are conditions caused by the lack of a gene that codes for particular
77
A DNA segment is changed from -AATTAGAAATAG- to -ATTAGAAATAG-. This is a(n) ____.
frameshift mutation
translation
inversion
insertion
78
Which describes the 23 pairs of human chromosomes?
2 autosome pairs; 21 sex chromosome pairs
1 sex chromosome pair; 22 autosome pairs
2 sex chromosome pairs; 21 autosome pairs
1 autosome pair; 22 sex chromosome pairs
79
A person has a non-normal set of sex chromosomes but is obviously female. Her cells show two Barr bodies. Which conditio
XO
XXY
XYY
XXX
80
Which describes what scientists believe Earth's appearance was like 4.5 billion years ago?
one landmass surrounded by a single ocean
molten rock core with no solid land or oceans
several continents surrounded by several oceans
molten rock core with a thin crust on the surface
81
When allelic frequencies remain unchanged, a population is in genetic equilibrium. This statement expresses which of the
prezygotic isolating mechanism
Hardy-Weinberg principle
sympatric speciation
genetic drift
82
What type of adaptation is shown in Figure 15-2? Figure 15-2
mimicry
homologous structure
artificial selection
camouflage
83
The offspring of the cross-fertilization of pea plants with purple flowers and pea plants with white flowers are called
pure breeds.
recessive breeds. Table 13-1
hybrids.
gametes.
84
Which is the function of the DNA helicase enzyme in the DNA replication process?
matches nucleotide pairs
coils new DNA strands
unwinds the double helix
joins DNA to RNA primer
85
A phenotype that results from a dominant allele must have at least _____ dominant allele(s) present in the parent(s).
two
three
one
four
86
What genotypes are produced by a program of inbreeding?
only dominant homozygous
only homozygous
only recessive homozygous
only heterozygous
87
Which era of Earth's history could be named the era of mammals?
Precambrian
Cenozoic era
Mesozoic era
Paleozoic era
88
Which of the following could only be a result of nondisjunction during meiosis of sperm formation and not egg formation?
XXX
XYY
XO
XXY
89
What is the effect of sickle-cell anemia?
blocked respiratory pathways
susceptibility to contracting malaria
inefficient oxygen transportation
decreased neurological functions
90
Where would a DNA substitution probably have the smallest or least effect on the organism?
operon
histone
exon
intron
91
Which is an example of a transgenic organism?
chicken genetically engineered to resist diseases
praying mantis raised to kill garden pests
hybrid rice grain that produces higher yields
German shepherd bred to identify explosives
92
A population diverges and becomes reproductively isolated. Which of the following is the best description of that phenom
speciation
bottleneck
postzygotic isolation
sexual selection
93
What is the name of the method whereby breeders developing pure lines preserve desirable traits?
hybridization
mass selection
inbreeding
cross pollination
94
While looking for fossils on an eroded hillside, you discover fossil coral and fish in one layer. In a layer just above,
A forest had once grown there but had become submerged by water.
In ancient times a sea had been replaced by land.
The area had been a sea until recent times.
A saltwater sea had changed to a freshwater lake long ago. Figure 14-1
95
Which is the correct order of the typical sequence of events for fossilization?
Sediments build up in layers so the organism is surrounded. / The organism
The organism dies and is buried in sediment. / Minerals replace harder stru
The organism dies and is buried in sediment. / Sediments build up in layers
The organism dies and is buried in sediment. / Sediments build up in layers
96
The primary goal of the HapMap project is to _________
map the sequence of nucleotides in human DNA.
create a database for genetic, biological information.
identify genes that cause serious human diseases.
catalog the genetic sequences of individual DNA.
97
What assumption must be made to calculate an age using radiometric dating?
the age of the material being analyzed
the amount of the isotopes measured in the material
the amount of the isotopes present in the material when it formed
the rate of decay of the isotopes
98
Which disorder is treated by restricting milk in the diet?
cystic fibrosis
Tay-Sachs disease
phenylketonuria
galactosemia
99
Which type of natural selection shown in Figure 15-4 would favor giraffes that need to reach the tallest branches to eat
D
C
A
B
100
Which defines a codon in DNA or mRNA?
three-base code
pair of nucleic acid and sugar
pair of phosphate and sugar
two-base code
101
In pea plants, inflated pods (R) are dominant to constricted pods (r). Which of the following is a cross between inflate
RR X RR
RR X Rr
RR X rr
Rr X Rr
102
According to Figure 13-6, which are the parents of the child?
B
A
C
D
103
Which evidence has suggested to some researchers that birds and dinosaurs may have evolved from a common ancestor?
Fossil dinosaurs with feathers have been found.
Both dinosaurs and birds have clawed feet.
Fossilized true birds have been found from the same time period as feathere
Birds and dinosaurs have a fused collarbone.
104
The one-gene/one-enzyme hypothesis has been modified to refer to the fact that one gene codes for one
carbohydrate.
nucleotide.
polypeptide.
protein.
105
Which describes what scientists believe the conditions of Earth were like 4.5 billion years ago?
thin-rock crust surrounding a molten core with a thin atmosphere
liquid rock with no atmosphere being bombarded with radiation
volcanic landscape surrounding a molten core with no atmosphere
molten planet surrounded by a thick atmosphere of noxious gases
106
The gene for brown eyes (B) is dominant over the gene for blue eyes (b). Two brown-eyed people have a blue-eyed child. W
The mother is heterozygous brown-eyed (Bb) and the father is homozygous bro
The mother is homozygous brown-eyed (BB) and the father is heterozygous bro
The mother and father are both homozygous brown-eyed (BB).
The mother and the father are both heterozygous brown-eyed (Bb).
107
What must be on either end of any genetic material that is inserted into the cleaved DNA in Figure 13-4? Figure 13-4
5'CGCG3'
5'ATAT3'
5'AATT3'
5'CCGG3'
108
The process illustrated in Figure 12-2 is called ____.
replication
transcription
translation
monoploidy
109
Which term best describes the structures shown in Figure 15-3? Figure 15-3
vestigial Figure 15-4
analogous
homologous
heterologous
110
What evidence is there that modern archaebacteria may be most like the hypothesized earliest cells on Earth?
Photosynthesis allows both archaebacteria and the earliest cells to harness
Archaebacteria thrive in extreme environments of intense heat or pressure,
Archeabacteria can only survive in warm, shallow waters similar to the prim
Both archaebacteria and early cells share morphological similarities, inclu
111
Which is an example of selective breeding?
breeding tomatoes to increase fruit size
returning bred plants to their natural habitat
crossing two plants with desirable traits
inserting genes from one plant into another
112
Which explains why oxygen was absent from Earth's early atmosphere?
Photosynthesizing organisms such as plants had not yet appeared.
Excess heat converted atmospheric oxygen into other gases.
Volcanic gases suppressed the natural production of oxygen.
Oxygen chemically combined with newly formed rocks.
113
Which is the scientific field devoted to creating and maintaining databases about the gene sequences of organisms?
pharmacogenomics
bioinformatics
genomics
proteomics
114
Which substance creates DNA fragments with sticky or blunt ends to be joined with other DNA fragments?
plasmid
DNA ligase
restriction enzyme
reverse transcriptase
115
Which is the first era of Earth's history?
Mesozoic era
Cenozoic era
Precambrian
Paleozoic era
116
Which is the approximate age of Earth?
4.5 thousand years
4.5 trillion years
4.5 billion years
4.5 million years
117
What criterion would you predict will be used to divide the Cenozoic from the next era in the future?
a local warming trend
a mass extinction
the eruption of a volcano
the extinction of the white rhino
118
In 1974, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer inserted a gene from an African clawed frog into a bacterium. The bacterium pro
DNA fingerprint
clone
transgenic organism
plasmid
119
Which scientists discovered the double helix model of DNA?
Franklin and Wilkins
Hershey and Chase
Chargaff and Levene
Watson and Crick
120
Which base always base pairs with guanine?
adenine
thymine
uracil
cytosine

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