5-7

Question 1

__ is the driver of CDS. It involves systematic review, frequency of clinician ?s (mean) & domain of questions.

Accepted Answer

meeting information needs

Question 2

Developers, maintainers, and vendors of clinical systems should do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

all of these

Question 3

CDS stands for clinical decision support

Accepted Answer

True

Question 4

How can one measure the usefulness/value of a binary classifier?

Accepted Answer

AUC (area under the ROC curve), sensitivity/true positive rate (or recall), specificity/true negative rate, accuracy

Question 5

This is an example

Accepted Answer

True

Question 6

Boolean operators are used in rule-based systems

Accepted Answer

True

Question 7

Which of the following occurs when an event leads to an unwanted or negative outcome? It may or may not lead to harm.

Accepted Answer

adverse event

Question 8

Which of the following is an ethical issue that arises in biomedical informatics?

Accepted Answer

appropriate selection & use of informatics software in clinical settings, data security

Question 9

Which of the following inverts the current approach to medical records? Patient created& owned & they grant permission.

Accepted Answer

PHR

Question 10

Which is an example of CHI (consumer health informatics)?

Accepted Answer

all of these

Question 11

Infobutton/ infobutton manager provides content-sensitive decision support by displaying data made available to the user

Accepted Answer

True

Question 12

Machine learning is a computer program that learns from experience with respect to some task & performance measure.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 13

Harm by intention is when a person injures another by using a service or product to cause damage.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 14

Use CBR when

Accepted Answer

the output is too large, it's difficult to formalize rules in a domain, there is continual evolution of KB, the domain is precedent-based

Question 15

Which of the following conditions must be met for strict product liability to apply?

Accepted Answer

purchaser must suffer physical harm from a design or manufacturing defect, product must be shown in court to be the demonstrable cause of injury, product must've been purchased & used by an individual, product must be shown in court to be "unreasonably dangerous"

Question 16

To assess quality of information on a website, which can you do?

Accepted Answer

references for claims made can be searched, check for conflicts of interest, check for most recent content, search for names and affiliations along with author credentials

Question 17

Which of the following is an idea from tort law that may apply to clinical software?

Accepted Answer

strict product liability, harm by intention, negligence theory

Question 18

In a decision tree, possible outcomes of decisions, probabilities, & utlities are collected.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 19

A neurosurgeon forgetting a surgical sponge or gauge in the patient during surgery, is an example of near miss.

Accepted Answer

False

Question 20

RBS involves antecedent and consequences. Example, if you give a mouse a cookie then he'll want a glass of milk.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 21

Which of these is a common healthcare challenge addressed by CHI?

Accepted Answer

health information sharing, consumer/patient engagement in healthcare, facilitating quality decision making about health, communication (with providers/other consumers)

Question 22

Laws & legislations are put in place to protect privacy and confidentiality.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 23

PHRs are the foundation for developing tools that do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

store patient health data, facilitate reuse of patient health data in a way that engages patients

Question 24

_ is the basis for malpractice litigation in healthcare.

Accepted Answer

negligence

Question 25

Negligence theory provides legal standard for clinicians who use software in the course of care

Accepted Answer

True

Question 26

HIPPA requires that a healthcare organization appoint privacy and secuirity officers

Accepted Answer

True

Question 27

Which of these is/are one of the ten criteria for system scrutiny/software evaluation?

Accepted Answer

Does it work better than procedures it replaced?, Does it produce the desired results?, Does the system work as designed?, Is it used as anticipated?

Question 28

When clinical software is physically distributed to others, it is termed as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

product

Question 29

Privacy is applied to people in several contexts. It involves which of these?

Accepted Answer

all of these

Question 30

CHI focuses on patients' or consumer's health information needs.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 31

__ involves applying knowledge to data to improve decision-making.

Accepted Answer

CDS

Question 32

The impact on control in the organization & to the extent of effects on the setting are the remaining two criteria.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 33

____ (machine learning algorithm) teaches the computer by providing labeled examples with correct answers

Accepted Answer

supervised learning

Question 34

Which of the following pertains to strict product liability?

Accepted Answer

compensate the injured party

Question 35

Strict product liability applies to harm caused by defective products & does not apply to services

Accepted Answer

True

Question 36

Machine learning requires significant data to be effective. Limited data makes finding meaningful patterns difficult.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 37

____ is a characteristic of CBR, case-based reasoning.

Accepted Answer

all of these

Question 38

Which type of reasoning involves KB, (collection of production rules), lacks explicit control, & has IF/ThEN?

Accepted Answer

RBS

Question 39

__ is a decision making process feature of CDSS.

Accepted Answer

ANN

Question 40

Medline plus is an example of secondary knowledge-based information.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 41

When clinical software presents data or advice to healthcare practitioners, it is termed as ____.

Accepted Answer

a service

Question 42

Which of these is an adverse event that does not have a negative consequence because it did not affect a patient?

Accepted Answer

near miss

Question 43

____ has the computer learn by itself from unlabeled examples in a dataset.

Accepted Answer

unsupervised learning

Question 44

What is CDS?

Accepted Answer

process for enhancing health-related decisions & actions

Question 45

AUC for candy is 0.8, for chocolate, 0.9, & for pudding, 0.6. Which is the best classifier & why?

Accepted Answer

chocolate; closer to 1.0

Question 46

Each supervised learning approach

Accepted Answer

exhibits a different set of biases; assumptions may not always hold true, uses a distinct set of assumptions to learn from training examples

Question 47

Errors result when a planned sequence of events is not executed accurately.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 48

Confidentiality is applied to information and involves the same precautionary meausures as privacy.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 49

Liability under _ distinguishes between products & services & classifies the practice of medicine as a service.

Accepted Answer

tort law

Question 50

Which of the following incorporates elements of procedural programming & rule-based systems?

Accepted Answer

Arden Synthax

Question 51

Unsupervised learning

Accepted Answer

is helpful for summarizing/explaining key features of a dataset, may be used to generate hypotheses that can be later tested, can't necessarily evaluate the accuracy of the model learned

Question 52

Machine learning uses math & statistical theory to create models that

Accepted Answer

capture existing patterns in example data/from past experience, utliize patterns learned to form new problems

Question 53

The goal of __ is to characterize choices with uncertain outcomes.

Accepted Answer

decision trees

Question 54

I need to know the formulas

Accepted Answer

True

Question 55

Which of these is/are one of the ten criteria for system scrutiny/software evaluation?

Accepted Answer

What are the long-term effects on the delivery of medical care?, How well have individuals been trained to use it?, Is it cost effective?, What are the anticipated long-term effects on how organizations interact?

Question 56

Which of the following reduce clinicians' knowledge-based information barriers at point of care?

Accepted Answer

provide information in a reasonable amount of time, use infobuttons

Question 57

Having up-to-date information along with clinical evidence and insight from an expert is managment of ___.

Accepted Answer

knowledge

Question 58

Which of these is a means to which an organizational process is enacted?

Accepted Answer

event

Question 59

_ gives a numeric value between 0 & 1 & trade-offs between correctly identifying positives and negatives?

Accepted Answer

AUC

Question 60

__ is a typical CDS intervention.

Accepted Answer

data forms & order sets, consulting a colleague, reading a textbook & clinical practice guidelines, alert/reminders

Question 61

Conditional probability is when something must be true when something else is known to be true.

Accepted Answer

True

Question 62

When there is a minority and a majority class, there is _.

Accepted Answer

class imbalance

Question 63

___ maps a collection of inputs (typically case features) usually to a single binary output, presence of disease.

Accepted Answer

ANN

Question 64

ANN has limited use in medicine but is typically used in ED triage of chest pain.

Accepted Answer

True

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Questions 76

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Questions 76