Which strategy is best for a toddler with SSD?

Focus on caregiver responsiveness and imitation

A diagnostic report must include:

Interpretation of results in plain language

What makes affricates unique?

Two-part sounds: stop + fricative

What is a key feature of the Stimulability approach?

Uses characters examples like Zippy Zebra

Which child would benefit most from the Multiple Oppositions approach?

Child replacing all sounds with /d/ (e.g., "dog" for "log", "frog", "jog")

Why is descriptive language used in reports?

To be clear for families & professionals

What makes partial assimilation different from total?

Sound keeps some original traits

Which child is a good candidate for the Multi-Phonemic Approach?

Severe SSD with many errors like /t/, /p/, /s/, /r/, Those with a inconsistent speech disorder

PROMPT therapy mainly uses:

Tactile-kinesthetic (facial movements)

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Questions 96

Answers

1
Optimality Theory says sounds result from...
Ranked constraints
Muscle strength
Fixed rules
Auditory models
2
4-year-old says “wabbit” for “rabbit.” What process is this?
Backing
Fronting
Gliding
Stopping
3
Which strategy is best for a toddler with SSD?
Prosody-focused pseudo-words
Naturalistic teaching
Focus on caregiver responsiveness and imitation
Drill-based articulation tasks only
4
What process changes “sun” → “tun”?
Stopping
Assimilation
Initial consonant substitution
Gliding
5
“Pan” → “pam” demonstrates:
Velar assimilation
Partial nasal assimilation
Final consonant substitution
Stopping
6
Which of the following is an example of a phonological disorder?
Lisp
/ʃ/ as /s/
Rule confusion
/w/ for /r/
7
A child says [ti] for “key.” What process is this?
Gliding
Stopping
Velar fronting
Cluster reduction
8
A diagnostic report must include:
Interpretation of results in plain language
Case history
Standardized tests results only
Referrals
9
Which phonological process is shown in “spoon” → [pun]?
Cluster reduction
Reduplication
Final consonant deletion
Weak syllable deletion
10
Which is an example of total assimilation?
Input → [ɪmpʊt]
Xmas → [krɪsnəs]
Man → [bæn]
Dog → [gɔg]
11
A child hears "cat" as [kæ]. What’s the likely issue?
Gliding
Fronting
Incomplete word rep
Over-articulation
12
Which diacritic would indicate nasalization of a vowel?
[ʰ]
[̪ ]
[↓]
[ ~ ]
13
In Multilingual SSD, which matters MOST?
Cultural and language profile
How they produce sounds in primary language
Parent language
How they talk
14
Which technique uses auditory bombardment and error recognition?
DTTC
SAILS
PROMPT
Auditory discrimination
15
What’s the goal of the SAILS program?
Increase MLU
Build speech perception
Teach letters
Build and practice use of appropriate structures and muscles
16
What makes affricates unique?
Only nasal airflow
Two-part sounds: stop + fricative
Gliding airflow
No vocal fold use
17
Which is the best approach for inconsistent speech errors like "tat" for "cat"?
Core Vocabulary
PROMPT
SAILS
Traditional Articulation
18
What is a key feature of the Stimulability approach?
Uses multisyllabic pseudo-words
Targets only mastered sounds
Combines AAC and literacy
Uses characters examples like Zippy Zebra
19
ReST helps children with CAS by...
Improving muscle strength
Limiting feedback
Practicing fake words
Teaching phoneme rules
20
What does [ʰ] indicate in transcription?
Shortened vowel
Aspiration
Unvoiced consonant
Nasal emission
21
Which process replaces a fricative with a stop sound?
Gliding
Stopping
Fronting
Reduplication
22
Which child would benefit most from the Multiple Oppositions approach?
Child with severe dysarthria
Child replacing all sounds with /d/ (e.g., "dog" for "log", "frog", "jog")
Child with a mild lisp and consistent /s/ substitution
Child with strong literacy but low phonemic awareness
23
Why is descriptive language used in reports?
To avoid giving a diagnosis
To avoid issues with insurance and billing
To be clear for families & professionals
To interpret raw scores
24
Integrated Phonological Awareness Intervention...
Avoids phonemic cues
Ignores letter-sound links
Combines speech + literacy
Uses pseudo-words only
25
What does [ɫ] represent?
Velarized /l/
Voiceless /l/
Lateral release
Lengthened /l/
26
“Window” → “wɪno” is an example of:
Cluster reduction
Final consonant deletion
Total assimilation
Weak syllable deletion
27
A 3-year-old says [wʌn] for “run.” This is called...
Cluster reduction
Gliding
Stopping
Consonant substitution
28
Which of the following words are minimal pairs?
Cat and cut
Dog and puppy
banana and nana
tree and three
29
What is the first step in Traditional Articulation Therapy?
Auditory discrimination
Sentence practice
Imitation drills
Sound in conversation
30
Which sound is considered a glide?
/s/
/m/
/j/
/tʃ/
31
Which process is shown in “input” → “imput”?
Gliding
Cluster substituion
Devoicing
Partial Assimilation
32
What is an example of a suprasegmental feature?
Voiceless Stops
Final consonant deletion
Stress
Bilabial (place)
33
Which is an example of regressive assimilation?
“ice cream” → “aɪstrim”
“dog” → “dot”
“tub” → “dub”
“pig” → “gig”
34
Which section would you find the PPVT-5 results?
Case history/client background
Intervention plan
Prognostic statement
Summary of findings
35
What is the main purpose of narrow transcription?
Show contrasts
Show intent
Detect speech disorders
Detailed speech
36
What is the main difference between an articulation disorder and a phonological disorder?
Vocab vs. grammar
Phonemic vs. phonetic
Meaning vs. use
Physical vs. rules
37
What makes partial assimilation different from total?
Sound keeps some original traits
Sound fully changes to make word into a difference meaning
Used only for vowels
Only affects stops and fricatives
38
“Yellow” → “lellow” is an example of:
Gliding
Fronting
Velar Assimilation
Liquid assimilation
39
What does coarticulation describe?
Gesture use
Sound overlap
Intonation
Two speakers
40
Which is true when treating multilingual children?
Consider both languages
First treat the primary language
Avoid cross-linguistic targets
Wait until they fully develop both languages
41
Which child is a good candidate for the Multi-Phonemic Approach?
Mild SSD with 2 errors
Severe SSD with many errors like /t/, /p/, /s/, /r/
Inconsistent errors across sessions
Those with a inconsistent speech disorder
42
What are the three vowel parameters?
Tenseness, pitch, nasality
Height, backness, tenseness
Height, tenseness, place
Voicing, height, stress
43
You say: "Tell me if this is noisy or quiet." What are you teaching?
ReST (stress patterning)
Metaphon
DTTC (prosody variation)
Stimulus shift
44
Which speech term is defined as “rules for combining sounds in a language”?
Morphology
Semantics
Phonotactics
Phonetics
45
What is the purpose of phonetic transcription in SSD?
To record spelling
To describe speech sounds
To write grammar rules
To refer back to different sounds heard in an eval
46
PROMPT therapy mainly uses:
Vocal drills
Visual cues (modeling from clinician)
Auditory cues only
Tactile-kinesthetic (facial movements)
47
Which process should NOT be present in a 6-year-old?
Cluster reduction
Reduplication
Stopping
Gilding
48
Who benefits most from AAC?
Kids with CAS and dysarthria
Kids with mild errors
Kids with reading delay
Only nonverbal kids
49
In CAS, which cueing strategy supports motor planning?
Minimal Pairs
PROMPT
Prosody drills
ReST
50
Which is a common late-acquired sound?
/b/
/p/
/z/
/m/
51
A child has CAS and struggles with consistency. Try...
DTTC
PROMPT
All of the above
ReST
52
What is the definition of a phoneme?
A syllable sound
A word part with meaning
A sound that changes meaning
A written letter
53
What does the diagnostic report include?
List of all articulation errors and summaries
Standard and raw scores
Phonetic transcription
Background, data, interpretation and plan
54
If a child uses Spanish at home, the report should:
Assess using typical norms that are the same as English
Use translated versions of English tests and report scores the same
Focus only on English errors
Acknowledge bilingual background & dual-language needs
55
Which place of articulation is used for /t/ and /d/?
Alveolar
Glottal
Palatal
Bilabilal
56
"Water" becomes "wawa"—which process is this?
Deletion
Gliding
Assimilation
Reduplication
57
What is the primary goal of the Minimal Pairs approach?
Improve overall speech clarity
Teach letter-sound relationships
Improve general speech clarity
Establish phonemic contrasts via word pairs
58
Which is a common speech feature at 18 months?
100+ word vocabulary
Nasalized vowels
Use of fricatives
Simple syllables & reduplication
59
What is the main purpose of a diagnostic report?
To summarize and justify recommendations
To be thorough and detailed for insurance purposes
To train caregivers on intervention
To list therapy goals
60
A child says “pane” instead of “plane.” What is this?
A. Cluster reduction
Weak syllable deletion
Consonant Deletion
Cluster substitution
61
Which of the following is a voiced stop-plosive?
Alveolar
Glottal
Bilabial
Labiodental
62
Which transcription represents final consonant deletion?
[ka]
[kæt]
[kæts]
[kæʔ]
63
What does Natural Phonology say about speech errors?
They are caused by late developing articulation
They're random
They are permanent
They reflect development
64
A child listens to good and bad "sock" pronunciations and gives thumbs up/down.
Core Vocabulary
Maximal Pairs
Multiple Oppositions
Speech Perception Intervention
65
Which tool is an example of low-tech AAC?
Eye gaze
Picture board
Voice iPad tablet
Writing
66
PROMPT therapy focuses on...
Metaphon awareness
Muscle movements
Vocabulary
Sound rules
67
Which is an example of a broad transcription?
[t=ap]
/tap/
[təʔ]
[tʰa:p]
68
In which approach does a clinician say, “Watch me, say it with me”?
DTTC
ReST
Core Vocabulary
PROMPT
69
Which therapy focuses on metalinguistic awareness?
DTTC
PROMPT
Minimal pairs
Metaphon
70
A child substitutes /d/ for many sounds. Which is best?
Multiple Oppositions
Traditional Approach
Core Vocab
Minimal Pairs
71
What sets DTTC apart from other methods?
Use of auditory cues
Cue fading and motor focus
Use of tactile cues
Age restrictions (children only)
72
Where should you report stimulability and error patterns?
Recommendation section
Summary paragraph
Phonological analysis
Language section
73
What makes a sound a fricative?
Complete closure
Narrow constriction
Stop release burst
Air through nose
74
What is a key AAC myth?
AAC does not support literacy
AAC is customizable
AAC delays speech
AAC builds language
75
What is a diacritic used for?
To show fine sound detail
To find SSDs
To spell words
To mark syllable stress
76
What kind of assimilation is shown in “pumpkin” → [pʌŋkɪn]?
Contact
Regressive
Progressive
Remote
77
In ReST, what kind of words are practiced?
Real words
High-frequency words
Pseudo-words
Rhyming words
78
What is most important when writing recommendations?
Add referrals
Base it on client needs + test results
Use technical and concise terminology
Quote and follow the testing protocols
79
Which child is best suited for the Minimal Pairs approach?
A child with muscle tone issues
One with inconsistent productions
A child struggling with multiple phoneme erros
A child with few rule-based errors
80
A 4-year-old says [bʌ] for “bus.” What should you target?
Vowel substitution
Cluster reduction
Final consonant deletion
Nothing, this is typical
81
In Nonlinear Phonology, errors result from...
Poor hearing
Missing morphemes
Insufficient development
Hierarchy distribution
82
What is assimilation?
Shortening long multisyllabic words
Leaving out a syllable in a word
Replacing a hard sound with a soft one
Changing a sound to match a nearby one
83
Which phonological process is typical before age 3?
Voicing
Reduplication
Gliding
Cluster reduction
84
Which example belongs in a diagnostic impression?
"Appears socially motivated and attentive during play-based tasks"
"Displays simplifying patterns affecting syllable and segment accuracy"
"Client was charismatic and ready to play with clinician."
"Recommended monitoring speech development in 12 months"
85
What is a characteristic of a sonorant?
Blocked air
Nasal air
Voiceless
Open airflow
86
What is a characteristic of vowels?
Open vocal tract
Tongue constriction
Always voiced stops
Narrow airflow
87
A child shows inconsistent word production. Use...
DTTC
Core vocabulary
SAILS
Metaphon
88
Which approach uses imitation + cue fading for severe CAS?
Traditional Articulation Approach
ReST
PROMPT
DTTC
89
What describes the Systems Approach for dysarthria?
Focuses only on articulation
Avoids AAC use
Uses minimal pairs
Targets speech subsystems
90
Which is a place of articulation for the /f/ sound?
Alveolar
Glottal
Labiodental
Bilabial
91
Which of these is an example of culturally responsive practice?
Practice language most beneficial for school
Including family’s preferred language & values
Have another clincian translate
Using only English tests
92
What’s an example of unaided AAC?
iPad with speech output
PECS
Vocal Approximations
American Sign Language (ASL)
93
In “banana” → [nænə], which tier is affected?
Morphosyntactic
Lexical
Prosodic
Segmental
94
What does Metaphon Therapy primarily target?
Muscle movement
Phonological awareness
Vocabulary growth
Syllable segmentation
95
What does a syllabic consonant do?
Is always nasalized
Has no voicing
Changes pitch
Replaces a vowel in weak syllables
96
What supports EBP in SSD treatment?
Online opinions
Research + experience + client input
ASHA
Traditional approaches

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