Which of the following is a possible origin of a metamorphic rock?

A sedimentary rock is buried deeply beneath other sedimentary rocks.

The grain size of an igneous rock is determined by the

rate of cooling, which controls the time ions migrate to crystal seeds.

Earthquakes occur frequently at

ocean ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults.

What changes take place during physical weathering?

Rocks are broken into smaller pieces.

The difference between sills and dikes is that

sills are parallel to layering while dikes cut across the layering.

Why would a mineral be more abundant compared to other minerals?

All of the possible answers are correct.

What does the assemblage of minerals in a metamorphic rock help to determine?

all of the possible answers are correct.

Magnetic anomaly “stripes” in the oceans are caused by

Earth’s current magnetic field and ancient fields when the rocks formed

Which rock transformation(s) can occur in the rock cycle?

All of these changes can occur in the rock cycle.

Foliation and lineation are terms that describe

the orientation of minerals in metamorphic rocks.

composed of the entire crust and the uppermost mantle.

solidification of magma at the surface or within the Earth.

Angular grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate

rapid, typically short-distance transport.

The presence of tropical plants and animals hundreds of millions of years old near the North Pole suggests that

the plate has moved from a different climate zone to its Arctic position

Metamorphic index minerals help geologists determine

the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism.

Every mineral has a preferred habit (crystal shape), but most mineral grains do not display that shape because

many grains interfere with one another while they are growing.

Sedimentary rocks are unique in that they form

by processes that operate at or near the Earth’s surface.

Well-rounded grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate

numerous collisions between particles during extensive transportation.

What can the formation of a sedimentary rock involve?

all of the possible answers are correct.

What does the term metamorphic grade refer to?

the degree to which a metamorphic rock’s protolith has changed

a layer of low rigidity seperating the lithosphere from the mantle.

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Midterm Physical Geology Review

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Questions 31

Answers

1
Sedimentary rocks that are formed in horizontal layers are called
beds.
ripple marks.
mud cracks.
canyons.
2
Geologists classify minerals into groups like silicates by their
chemical composition.
hardness.
specific gravity.
cleavage.
3
Which of the following is a possible origin of a metamorphic rock?
An igneous rock in the Earth’s mantle melts and cools in the crust.
A volcano erupts and large amounts of hot ash fall in the ocean.
A sedimentary rock is buried deeply beneath other sedimentary rocks.
Igneous rocks are weathered, eroded, and deposited in a lake.
4
The grain size of an igneous rock is determined by the
tectonic setting in which the magma developed.
rate of cooling, which controls the time ions migrate to crystal seeds.
temperature at which the magma solidified.
temperature at which the magma melted.
5
Earthquakes occur frequently at
ocean ridges, subduction zones, and transform faults.
transform faults.
subduction zones.
ocean ridges.
6
What changes take place during physical weathering?
The mineralogy of previously existing rocks changes.
Chemical changes occur
Rocks are broken into smaller pieces.
Minerals crystallize as water evaporates.
7
The difference between sills and dikes is that
sills are parallel to layering while dikes cut across the layering.
sills are intrusive and dikes extrusive.
sills are extrusive and dikes intrusive.
sills are tabular bodies and dikes are irregularly shaped blobs.
8
Solidified lava flows and volcanic ash deposits are examples of
intrusive igneous rocks.
both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks.
neither intrusive nor extrusive igneous rocks.
extrusive igneous rocks.
9
Why would a mineral be more abundant compared to other minerals?
It is resistant to weathering.
All of the possible answers are correct.
It is made of the most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust.
It can form in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
10
What does the assemblage of minerals in a metamorphic rock help to determine?
all of the possible answers are correct.
the pressure at which metamorphism took place
the temperature at which metamorphism took place
the chemical composition of a protolith
11
When identifying minerals, hardness is tested. Diamonds have a hardness of 10 and talc is 1. What is this scale called?
Hess Hardness Scale
Relative mineral scale
Newton’s Hardness Scale
Mohs Hardness Scale
12
Which physical properties of a mineral depend on the strength of the bonds that hold its atoms and ions together?
taste
hardness
specific gravity
cleavage
13
Magnetic anomaly “stripes” in the oceans are caused by
earthquakes at ocean ridges that disrupt the magnetic field.
the fluctuating strength of the Earth’s current magnetic field.
Earth’s current magnetic field and ancient fields when the rocks formed
transform faults.
14
Which rock transformation(s) can occur in the rock cycle?
All of these changes can occur in the rock cycle.
sedimentary rocks into different sedimentary rocks
igneous rocks into sedimentary rocks
metamorphic rocks into sedimentary rocks
15
Foliation and lineation are terms that describe
the chemical compositions of metamorphic rocks.
the intensity of metamorphism.
the orientation of minerals in metamorphic rocks.
the age of metamorphism.
16
The lithosphere is
made mostly of molten material that flows upward to form volcanoes.
a more modern term for the Earth’s crust.
the same beneath continents and oceans.
composed of the entire crust and the uppermost mantle.
17
Igneous rock forms
solidification of magma deep within the Earth.
solidification of magma at the surface or within the Earth.
melting of previously existing rock material at the surface of the Earth.
solidification of magma in the atmosphere.
18
Angular grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
the absence of cleavage in the mineral clasts.
numerous collisions between particles during extensive transportation.
lack of chemical weathering.
rapid, typically short-distance transport.
19
A "phaneritic texture" can be best described as having
coarse texture
sponge-like mass
fine grain texture
no crystal grains
20
The presence of tropical plants and animals hundreds of millions of years old near the North Pole suggests that
the Earth’s axis shifted suddenly, causing organisms to become extinct.
the Earth’s surface has warmed significantly since those organisms died.
the plate has moved from a different climate zone to its Arctic position
the Earth’s surface has cooled significantly since those organisms died.
21
A porphyritic texture indicates that an igneous rock had
an intrusive origin.
an extrusive origin.
formed at a mid-ocean ridge.
two different cooling rates.
22
Metamorphic index minerals help geologists determine
how many years it took for metamorphism to be complete.
the age of a protolith.
how many years ago metamorphism occurred.
the temperature and pressure conditions during metamorphism.
23
Every mineral has a preferred habit (crystal shape), but most mineral grains do not display that shape because
many grains interfere with one another while they are growing.
they form at temperatures that are too low for the crystals to form.
they form at temperatures that are too high for the crystals to form.
they form at the surface of the Earth.
24
Sedimentary rocks are unique in that they form
on the continents but not on islands or in the oceans.
without recycling materials from previously existing rocks.
without water playing an important role
by processes that operate at or near the Earth’s surface.
25
Well-rounded grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
lack of chemical weathering.
numerous collisions between particles during extensive transportation.
rapid transport and deposition.
the absence of cleavage in the mineral clasts.
26
What can the formation of a sedimentary rock involve?
transportation of rock fragments weathered from previously existing rocks
all of the possible answers are correct.
consolidation of many shells
precipitation of minerals when water evaporates
27
In the tectonic cycle, new lithosphere forms at __________ and is consumed at __________.
ocean ridges; subduction zones
transform faults; subduction zones
subduction zones; transform faults
ocean ridges; transform faults
28
What does the term metamorphic grade refer to?
the age of a metamorphic rock
the degree to which a metamorphic rock’s protolith has changed
whether a metamorphic rock has an igneous or sedimentary protolith
all of the possible answers are correct
29
The asthenosphere is
a layer of low rigidity seperating the lithosphere from the mantle.
mostly of molten material that flows downward from ocean ridges.
only beneath ocean basins and is missing beneath continents.
only beneath continents and is missing beneath ocean basins.
30
The agents that cause metamorphism include all except which of the following?
Time
Heat
Pressure
Stress
31
A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with an ordered atomic arrangement and definable chemical composition
True
False

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