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EBM Holy Grail! Part 1 Flashcards | StudBud
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EBM Holy Grail! Part 1
EBM Holy Grail! Part 1
116 terms
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Questions
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Answers
1
Does observational/cross-sectional research design analyse data from a population at a single point in time.
False
True
2
What is the importance of decision-making in leadership?
Delaying progress
Making impulsive choices
Avoiding responsibility
Driving progress and achieving goals
3
Systematic reviews summarize studies objectively but can be time-consuming and subject to observer bias.
False
True
4
What quantitative study design are there?
Descriptive
All the above
Quasi-experimental
Causal-comparative
Correlational
Experimental research
5
Meta-analysis summarizes research well but can mislead if rules are broken or poor-quality studies are included.
False
True
6
What is the importance of risk assessment?
Identify areas of improvement
Duty of candour
Identify what can go wrong
Task control, and assess risk
Reporting and raising concerns
Identify near misses
7
What does Grounded Theory aim to do?
Create hypotheses
Generate new theories
Test existing theories
Analyze data
8
What does Quantitative research focus on?
Descriptive analysis
Statistical analysis
Observational analysis
Qualitative analysis
9
What is the best type of leadership in healthcare?
transformational (visionary)
delegative (laissez-faire)
participative (democratic)
authoritarian (autocratic)
transactional (managerial)
10
Ratio data type is interval data but has meaningful zero values.
True
False
11
Systematic reviews always provide quick results and are free from bias.
False
True
12
What is a benefit of a cohort study design?
It allows for studying multiple outcomes from a single
It can establish cause-and-effect relationships through randomization.
It is quick and inexpensive to conduct with short follow-up.
It is ideal for evaluating the efficacy of specific interventions.
13
What is the meaning of external validity?
The ability to generalize research findings to the real world
The accuracy of measurement in a study
The extent to which a study measures what it intends to measure
The consistency of results across different studies
14
What are some barriers to patient safety?
fear
Lack of leadership
diffuse accountability
All the above
hierarchical authority
15
Which framework is used for developing focused focused clinical questions for quantitaive systematic reviews?
PICO
GRADE
PRISMA
Cochrane
16
What is one way to improve patient safety?
Regular hand washing
Ignoring safety protocols
Skipping hand washing
Not using gloves
17
What is confounding bias?
A random error that occurs during data analysis.
An error from using unreliable measurement tools.
A bias caused by selecting an unrepresentative study sample.
When an outside factor distorts the relationship between variables.
18
What is the role of a leader in delegating (Laissez-Faire) leadership?
Assigning tasks and responsibilities
Taking control of all tasks
Micromanaging every detail
Ignoring tasks and responsibilities
19
What things can a Physicians associate can NOT perform or do?
Take full medical histories and document patient information
Prescribe medication
Perform examinations and take blood
Issue Ionising Radiation tests by themselves
20
What is the main difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
Data collection methods
Data analysis techniques
All of the above
Research focus
21
What is blinding in an RCT?
The process of keeping participants unaware of their group assignment
The process of collecting qualitative data
The process of analyzing data
The process of selecting participants
22
What is the main focus of Grounded Theory?
Theory testing
Theory development
Statistical analysis
Data collection
23
How does transformational leadership impact followers?
It discourages followers from reaching their full potential
It is passive and uninvolved
It inspires and motivates followers to achieve their full potential
It controls and dictates followers' actions
24
Which is a limitation of a cohort study design?
It follows a group exposed to a treatment or risk factor over time.
It is ideal for studying rare diseases or exposures.
It can establish a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome.
It is expensive and requires long follow-up periods.
25
Is convenience sampling a method of selecting a sample based on ease and accessibility?
False
True
26
Why is it important to control for extraneous variables?
To make the experiment more complicated
To make the experiment more interesting
To make the experiment longer
To ensure accurate results
27
What is purposive sampling?
A method of selecting participants based on their availability
A method of selecting participants based on specific criteria
A method of selecting participants randomly
A method of selecting participants based on convenience
28
What is the indicative reasoning approach?
A method of reasoning based on evidence and facts
A method of reasoning based on guesswork
A method of reasoning based on intuition
A method of reasoning based on emotions
29
What is a benefit of using a cross-sectional study design?
Allows for the assessment of temporal relationships
Provides information about the prevalence of a condition
Provides information about the natural history of a disease
Allows for the examination of multiple variables at one point in time
30
How can leaders inspire their team members?
Being indifferent and uninvolved
Focusing only on personal success
Discouraging creativity and innovation
Leading by example and setting a vision
31
What is the main focus of qualitative research?
Identifying cause-and-effect relationships
Understanding the meaning and context of experiences
Predicting future outcomes
Generalizing findings to a population
32
Recall bias occurs when researchers intentionally manipulate participant responses.
True
False
33
Why can research be rejected for publication?
Didn’t test hypothesis
significant conflict of interest
Not original
did not address the issue
All the above
Paper was badly written
34
How can leaders motivate their team?
Being overly critical
Ignoring the team's efforts
Recognizing and rewarding achievements
Setting unrealistic goals
35
What is the purpose of randomization in an RCT?
To ensure all participants are similar
To collect qualitative data
To introduce bias into the study
To make the study more complicated
36
What are the advantages of using a case report study design?
Replication and generalization to larger populations
Identification of cause-and-effect relationships
Detailed information about rare diseases or conditions
Less time and resources required
37
What is a case-control study?
Randomised selection of patients
Doesn’t follow up disease incidences
Compare incidence of disease between non and exposed participants
38
What is a potential limitation of a case-control study?
Selection bias
Limited generalizability
Inability to establish causality
Confounding variables
39
The naturalistic qualitative research involves no manipulation, lab conditions and is not quantifiable.
True
False
40
Is Ethnography the study of different cultures and societies?
True
False
41
Selection bias occurs when the participants selected for a study are not representative of the population being studied.
False
True
42
What is the advantage of using observational/cross-sectional research design?
Allows for causal inferences
Allows for longitudinal analysis
Provides detailed information and can use larger sample sizes
Allows for manipulation of variables
43
Why are reflections important in healthcare and patient safety?
Help make informed choices
To grow self confidence
Gain control over thoughts & emotions
Monitor performance
All the above
44
Who are most at risk of patient safety?
Elderly
Mental health patients
Mothers and babies
Those with learning disabilities
Frailty
45
what types of leaderships styles are there?
transactional (managerial)
delegative (laissez-faire)
authoritarian (autocratic)
transformational (visionary)
participative (democratic)
46
What is the purpose of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
To test the effectiveness of a new treatment
To observe natural phenomena
To collect qualitative data
To analyze existing data
47
What is attrition bias?
A bias caused by participant selection
A bias caused by random chance
A bias caused by researchers manipulating data
A bias caused by participants dropping out of a study
48
What is a case report study design used for?
A report on a series of cases with an outcome interest no control group
To study large populations and identify cause-and-effect relationships
To provide detailed information about rare diseases or conditions
To replicate and generalize findings to larger populations
49
What types of data are there?
Ratio
Nominal
Systemic
Primary
Interval
Ordinal
50
What is the benefit of a case-control study?
Requires a large sample size
Allows for the study of rare diseases
Can be used to establish temporal relationships
Provides a clear cause-and-effect relationship
51
Why is randomization important in research?
To minimize bias
To ensure ethical standards
To increase sample size
To save time and resources
52
What are some controls of bias?
All the above
standardisation of methods
training of research
aware of bias to help critique studies and plan to minimise them
appropriate design and planning
blinding the evaluator and the participant
53
Which leadership style may be effective in crisis situations?
Laissez-faire leadership
Authoritarian leadership
Transformational leadership
Democratic leadership
Autocratic leadership
54
What is the importance of an RCT in medical research?
To observe natural phenomena
To test the effectiveness and safety of new treatments
To collect qualitative data
To analyze existing data
55
Which statement describes deductive reasoning?
Starting with specific observations and drawing general conclusions
Starting with random ideas and drawing random conclusions
Starting with general principles and drawing specific conclusions
Starting with emotional reactions and drawing logical conclusions
56
What can healthcare providers do to enhance patient safety?
Ignoring patient feedback
Not following hygiene practices
Implementing safety protocols
Disregarding safety protocols
57
What is an important aspect of patient safety?
Patient-centered care
Neglecting patient needs
Lack of empathy
Ignoring patient preferences
58
What qualities make a good leader?
Micromanaging every task
Empathy and compassion
Strictness and discipline
Being the most knowledgeable
59
What is information bias?
A measurement error or misclassification or participants or key variables
Random errors during statistical analysis of data
A distortion caused by external factors influencing variables
An unrepresentative sample affecting study outcomes
60
Is ordinal data type a type of data with categories with ranking or order?
True
False
61
Is authoritarian (autocratic) leadership characterized by strict control and centralized decision-making?
True
False
62
Is observational bias or misclassification bias the same as information bias?
False
True
63
What is the purpose of Quantitative research?
To measure and quantify
To describe and analyze
To explore and understand
To observe and record
64
What is the meaning of reliability in EBM?
Consistency and dependability
Accuracy and precision
Innovation and creativity
Speed and efficiency
65
Are case-control studies limited by recall bias?
False
True
66
What are the characteristics of qualitative research?
Open ended questions
A holistic account
More in depth insight
More difficult to replicate and get same results
Natural environment
Interpretative
67
What is the purpose of phenomenological research?
To explore cultural practices
To prove scientific theories
To analyze historical events
To understand unique lived in experiences
68
What are some Key factors of Professionalism in the PA course?
An advocate for patient
All the above
Make the care of patient your first concern
Know the PA code of conduct
Make informed decisions on behalf of patient care
Work in a MDT
69
What is the main characteristic of observational/cross-sectional research?
No manipulation of variables
Controlled environment
Longitudinal data collection
Random assignment
70
Which is a limitation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs)?
They ensure unbiased distribution of confounders.
They effectively evaluate the efficacy of treatments.
They provide high internal validity for interventions.
They are expensive and may have low generalizability.
71
Interval data does NOT involve ordered data and difference between values as meaningful.
False
True
72
What framework is used for clinical questions in systematic reviews?
GRADE
Cochrane
PRISMA
PICO
73
Which of the following is a limitation of cross-sectional studies?
Does not provide information about the incidence of a condition
Requires a large sample size
Cannot establish causality
Can be time-consuming and expensive
74
What is another name for Participative leadership?
Dictatorial leadership
Transactional leadership
Democratic leadership
Paternalistic leadership
75
What is a systemic review research study design?
A review that collects and analyzes all relevant research on a topic.
A method for conducting experiments in a controlled setting.
A study focusing on a single case or participant.
A design for gathering data through surveys or interviews.
76
How does Participative leadership involve employees?
In performance evaluations
In top-down communication
In decision-making on matters that affect their lives
In micromanagement
77
What is internal validity in Evidence-Based Medicine?
The extent a study properly measures what it is meant to
The generalizability of research findings
The reliability of research findings
The relevance of research findings
78
Describe what critical appraisal is?
A strategy for searching databases to find academic articles
process to evaluate trustworthiness, value & relevance of work
process of summarizing research articles without evaluating their quality
method for conducting experiments and generating new data
79
What does NOIR stand for in research?
Normal Ordinary Inrerview Representatives
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
80
What is the purpose of observational/cross-sectional research?
To observe behavior
To manipulate variables
To analyze data
To conduct interviews
81
What is a con of case-control studies?
They require large sample sizes
They are difficult to analyze statistically
They are prone to recall bias
They are not suitable for studying genetic factors
82
What is thematic analysis?
A type of experimental design
A statistical analysis technique
A form of content analysis
A method of analyzing qualitative data
83
How can leaders promote teamwork?
Assigning individual tasks only
Encouraging collaboration and cooperation
Creating a competitive environment
Discouraging open communication
84
What is nominal data?
Data with categories without ranking
Data with numbers and graphs
Data with categories with ranking
Data with outliers
85
what is a meta-analysis research study design?
A research approach for conducting laboratory experiments.
A study that collects data through interviews or surveys.
A design focused on observing and describing individual cases.
A statistical method combining results from multiple studies.
86
How can Transferability be defined in research?
The process of transferring
The concept of transferring
The ability to transfer
The act of transferring from one context to another
87
What is a cohort study design?
A cross-sectional study measuring data at a single point in time.
A randomized trial to test the efficacy of an intervention.
A study collecting and analyzing multiple study results.
A study comparing groups with and without an exposure over time.
88
What is the control group in an RCT?
The group that does not receive the treatment
The group that is observed
The group that provides qualitative data
The group that receives the treatment
89
What does bias mean in research?
A systematic error that skews results or conclusions
A random mistake made during data collection.
A preference for one study method over another.
An assumption that research findings are always accurate.
90
Berksonian (admission) bias is admission rate bias e.g if the participants were not taken from the general population.
False
True
91
What is generalisability in evidence-based medicine?
The evaluation of the quality of research studies
The process of conducting experiments in a laboratory
The use of statistical analysis to interpret research data
The ability to apply research findings to a broader population
92
What is the purpose of blinding in an RCT?
To make the study more complicated
To introduce bias into the study
To minimize the influence of expectations on the results
To collect qualitative data
93
What is the advantage of using focus groups in research?
Ensures objective and unbiased results
Reduces the need for participant recruitment
Allows for in-depth exploration of topics
Provides quick and easy data collection
94
Is RCT study design considered the gold standard for clinical research?
False
True
95
Why is double blinding important in research?
To ensure accurate data collection
To increase funding opportunities
To enhance collaboration among researchers
To improve research design
96
What is population sampling?
Determining the distribution of a specific trait in a population
A method of taking a subset of people that represent the wider population
Counting the total number of individuals in a population
Estimating the average age of a population
97
What is the purpose of qualitative research?
To collect numerical data and analyze statistics
To conduct experiments and control variables
To test hypotheses and make predictions
To explore and understand phenomena
98
Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
Quantifiable and measurable
Subjective and interpretive
Standardized and controlled
Objective and unbiased
99
What is the definition of Narrative in research?
Research ethics guideline
Storytelling in research
Quantitative research method
Data analysis technique
100
Validity in evidence-based medicine refers to the accuracy and reliability of the research findings.
False
True
101
Is effective communication among healthcare providers important for patient safety?
True
False
102
Which research method focuses on in-depth interviews and observations?
Experimental research
Survey research
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
103
The role of the MDT is to work together to make decisions regarding the treatment for patients.
False
True
104
What is the purpose of an audit in research?
To promote competition among researchers
To delay the publication process
To ensure accuracy and reliability of data
To increase research funding
105
What are the characteristics of qualitative research?
Large sample size
Reliable
Reusable
Measurable data
Generalisation
Close-ended questions
106
What are the disadvantages of using a case report study design?
No identification of cause-and-effect relationships
Limited generalizability to larger populations
Extensive time and resources required
Limited information about rare diseases or conditions
107
what are paradigms for studies?
Positivism
All the above
Critical theory
Interpretivism
Realism
108
How many protected characteristics are there?
7
2
9
5
109
What is CASP tool and what type of studies does it test for?
A tool for evaluating qualitative and quantitative studies.
A checklist for assessing experiments and lab-based studies.
A scoring system for grading statistical methods in research.
A guideline for writing systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
110
What is a surrogate endpoint?
A type of medical treatment
A measurement used as a substitute for a clinical endpoint
A research method used in psychology
A statistical analysis technique
111
What does PICO/PECO stand for in healthcare?
Population Intervention/Exposure Control Outcome
Patient Experience Comparison Outcome
Powerful Electronic Control Operator
Painful External Cavity Operation
112
Which of the following contributes to patient safety?
Disregarding patient records
Ignoring medical history
Incomplete documentation
Proper documentation
113
What is the meaning of rigour in research?
Randomness and chance
Lack of flexibility
Subjectivity and bias
Precision and accuracy
114
What is the definition of Conformability?
The act of following rules or norms
The quality of being compliant or obedient
The process of fitting in with a group
The ability to adapt or adjust to new situations
115
What can go wrong in healthcare?
Hospital acquired infections
Communication failures
Diagnostic errors
Surgical errors
All the above
Medication & equipment errors
116
What is a pro of case-control studies?
They provide direct cause-and-effect relationships
They can be used to study rare diseases
They allow for longitudinal data collection
They are cost-effective and time-efficient
