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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
150 cards
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Questions
150
Answers
1
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
semantic network
script
chunk
2
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
3
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
4
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
an external attribution
a distinctive attribution
5
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
similiarity
constancy
closure
symmetry
6
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
punishment
7
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
insight learning
operant conditioning
8
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
delta
beta
9
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
attachment probing
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
10
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
iris
cornea
vitreous humor
lens
11
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
law of small numbers
availability heuristic
12
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
questionnaires
physiological recordings
psychological tests
13
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
color
brightness
saturation
light purity
14
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
15
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
16
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
fear reaction
loud noise
rat
17
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
short-term
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
18
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
representativeness
consistency
predictability
19
Framing refers to...
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
20
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
intelligence; personality
21
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pancreas
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
22
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
23
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
24
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
sing a song
tie shoe laces
print letters
25
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
26
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
27
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
28
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
delusions
hallucinations
obsessions
illusions
29
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
phonemic
morphemic
platonic
mnemonic
30
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
31
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
cross-sectional
sequential
longitundinal
32
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
33
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
repression
34
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
35
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
drive theory
36
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
37
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
attributions
stereotypes
self-serving bias
38
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
mentalism
intelligence
cognition
introspection
39
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
excessive guilt
social charm
40
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
41
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
neurotransmitters
antagonists
agonists
42
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
sadness
surprise
happiness
43
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
44
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
45
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
46
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
47
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
48
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
memory
the endocrine system
feeding
49
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
50
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
oral
anal
genital
latency
51
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
procedural
episodic
crystallized
52
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
a personality test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
53
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
tree-bird
boat-goat
car-nose
54
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
55
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test levels
test scores
56
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
brainstem
limbic system
reticular formation
cerebellum
57
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recall
reiteration
recognition
58
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
59
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
60
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
endocrine system
61
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
62
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
extinction
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
63
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
low in openness
high in agreeableness
64
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
65
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
66
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
cognitive dissonance
obedience
conformity
67
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
68
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
prenatals
69
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
the absolute refractory period
the relative threshold period
70
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
attention
perception
71
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
encephalitis
72
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
73
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
reinforcement
74
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
partial retrieval
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
75
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
loudness
decibels
pitch
76
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
food/meat powder
tone
salivation
light
77
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
78
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
been dreaming
not been dreaming
a headache
79
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
content validity
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
80
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
81
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
Wilhelm Wundt
82
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
83
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
functionalism
84
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
creativity
insight
reasoning
85
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
86
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
frustration
change
87
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
standard deviation
percentiles
correlation coefficients
88
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
anxiety
personality
89
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
90
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
91
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
insomnia
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
92
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
personality
temperament
attachment
93
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
modeled
ablated
retrieved
encoded
94
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
95
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
96
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
conventional
postconventional
preconventional
concrete
97
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
lesioning
98
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
99
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
100
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
101
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
midpoint
mean
median
102
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
103
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
marital problems
104
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
105
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
an unconditioned response
escape learning
positive reinforcement
avoidance learning
106
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
functionalism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
107
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
conversion disorder
108
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
an amphetamine
a narcotic
a hallucinogen
109
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
parietal lobe
corpus callosum
110
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
111
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
112
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
display rules
parental investments
investment differentiations
social scripts
113
Anhedonia is when a person...
has two different psychological disorders
has trouble getting along with people
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
experiences mild manic states
114
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
formal operations
115
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
display rules
the principle of collectivism
116
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
117
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
118
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
heroin
cocaine
mescaline
119
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
120
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
121
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
a superimposed stimulus
122
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
123
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender roles
124
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
REM
stage 4
stage 1
125
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
bipolar
cyclical
unipolar
126
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
127
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
128
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
abstract operations
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
129
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
130
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
schematizing
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
cultural direction
131
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
medulla
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
132
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the control group
the experimental group
the observational group
133
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
egocentrism
reversibility
134
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
stirrup
oval window
cochlea
135
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological stability
physiological instability
psychological instability
physiological stability
136
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
job discrimination experienced by the residents
137
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the conjunction fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the gambler's fallacy
the confirmation bias
138
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
139
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
140
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
consciousness
sensation
hypnosis
141
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
fixation
displacement
regression
142
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
143
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
cannabis
narcotics
sedatives
144
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
content
criterion-related
absolute
construct
145
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
146
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
location of injury
cortex
thalamus
spinal cord
147
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
148
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
cookie
I eated a cookie
149
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
pituitary
thyroid
gonads
thalamus
150
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
