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ML 358 Final Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud
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ML 358 Final Exam Review
ML 358 Final Exam Review
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Answers
1
When choosing life experiences such as vacations, we choose experiences based on our ____________.
system 2
system 1
remembering self
experiencing self
2
_____ is a state reached after attainment of an outcome pertaining to the hedonic impact and experience of the outcome.
Cognitive dissonance
Experienced utility
Decision utility
Regret
3
Experts who recognize their ignorance rather than act on pretended knowledge are admired for their honesty and integrity
False
True
4
A sequence of two simple decisions considered separately is called ________.
narrow framing
mutually exclusive options
broad framing
a gamble
5
The planning fallacy describes plans and forecasts that are close to best-case scenarios.
False
True
6
Expected utility theory explains that in unknown outcomes, people choose the option with the _________.
highest expected utility
most logical consistency
greatest aversion to loss
least amount of uncertainty
7
Because of ______, we overweight small risks and are willing to pay more than expected value to eliminate them.
large losses
the certainty effect
the possibility effect
risk seeking
8
Which two factors lead to failure in strategic planning?
timing & content
budgeting & context
politics & uncertainty
prioritization & timing
9
In mixed gambles, where both a gain and a loss are possible, loss aversion causes extremely risk-averse choices.
True
False
10
Which source of unethical decision making leads us to discriminate against someone because they are in the minority?
In-group favoritism
Implicit prejudice
Conflict of interest
Overclaiming credit
11
Which of the following bottlenecks in decision making tends to afflict parent companies and their subsidiaries?
Global vs. Local
Inside vs. Outside Partners
Center vs. Business Unit
Function vs. Function
12
In bad choices where a sure loss is compared to a probable larger loss, diminishing sensitivity decreases risk seeking.
False
True
13
Which term describes how people make assumptions based on prior experiences and judgments when facing a new situation?
Substitution
WYSIATI
Pattern Recognition
Emotional Tagging
14
For some of our most important beliefs, we acquired valid evidence supporting those beliefs over years of experience.
False
True
15
Unusual events are easier than normal events to undo in our imaginations and, thus, cause more regret.
False
True
16
Denominator neglect explains how people pay too much attention to numerators and ignore denominators.
True
False
17
Which bias explains why people exaggerate the impact of the CEO and leadership style on firm success or failure?
Narrative fallacy
Hindsight bias
In-group favoritism
Halo effect
18
Which approach designs the roles, processes, systems, and behaviors the firm should use to make decisions?
Identification
Institutionalization
Inventory
Intervention
19
_______ is served by broader and more comprehensive frames (as in joint evaluation) resulting in superior decisions.
Cognitive bias
Rationality
System 1
System 2
20
The moral institutions that come to your mind in different situations are internally consistent.
False
True
21
When asked to evaluate the same information twice, humans are frequently consistent in their judgments.
False
True
22
Statistical predictions made by algorithms are more accurate than clinical predictions in __________.
intuitive judgment
forecasting the future
estimating base rates
low validity environments
23
People tend to be risk averse in the domain of gains and risk seeking in the domain of losses.
False
True
24
Prospect theory does not account for _______.
diminishing sensitivity
luck
disappointment
rationality
25
What is the tendency for people to see themselves as more impartial, more insightful, and less biased than others?
Implicit beliefs
Explicit beliefs
Self-serving bias
Illusion of objectivity
26
Which bias explains why people tend to perceive events as being more predictable than they actually were?
Illusion of objectivity
Hindsight bias
Outcome bias
Illusion of understanding
27
Which term describes how people make mistakes about how much they will like something in the future?
Miswanting
Life satisfaction
Experienced well-being
Affective forecasting
28
Experts may not know the limits of their expertise due to ___________.
narrative fallacy
overconfidence bias
illusion of skill
illusion of understanding
29
People tend to have more regret when an outcome is produced by ______ than when the same outcome is produced by _____
inaction; action
chance; action
action; luck
action; inaction
30
The presence of inappropriate self-interest biases the emotional importance we place on information.
False
True