The function of sensory memory is to...

hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer

Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...

personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level

According to the medical model...

abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease

When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...

an avoidance-avoidance conflict

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...

assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in openness
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
high in neuroticism
2
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
surprise
happiness
fear
3
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
physiological recordings
psychological tests
questionnaires
4
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
5
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
anal
genital
oral
6
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
stereotypes
attributions
7
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
8
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
resistance to pain
9
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
10
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
amount of time awake
11
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
12
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
semantic slanting
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
fast-mapping
13
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
functionalism
14
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
brainstem
reticular formation
limbic system
15
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
16
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
intelligence
cognition
introspection
mentalism
17
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
18
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
19
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
humanistic
20
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
perception
attention
21
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
latent learning
22
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
sensation
consciousness
hypnosis
23
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
short-term
long-term
24
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
25
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
26
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
egocentrism
conservation
reversibility
centration
27
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retroactive interference
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retrograde amnesia
28
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
panic disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
29
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
illusions
30
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
alcohol
narcotics
sedatives
cannabis
31
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
32
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
33
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
representativeness heuristic
34
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
35
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
punishment
36
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
light
food/meat powder
salivation
37
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test norms
test scales
test scores
38
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
consistency
representativeness
accuracy of inference
39
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
40
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
sensory memory
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
41
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
medulla
42
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
43
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
delta
beta
alpha
44
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a compulsion
an obsession
a phobia
a delusion
45
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
marijuana
heroin
46
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
state-dependent learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
47
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
extinction
spontaneous remission
48
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
49
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
not been dreaming
50
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
print letters
sing a song
51
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
antagonists
agonists
neurotransmitters
52
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
correlation coefficients
percentiles
standard deviation
53
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
saturation
light purity
color
54
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
55
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the availability heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
are using the representativeness heuristic
use a holistic decision model
56
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
hypothalamus
medulla
57
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
58
A valid test is one that...
measures what it is supposed to measure
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
59
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
pineal gland
thalamus
corpus callosum
60
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
the brain
61
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
I eated a cookie
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
cookie
62
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
display rules
parental investments
investment differentiations
63
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
evolutionary theory
64
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a social psychologist
a developmental psychologist
65
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
time of testing
cross-sectional
66
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
67
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
68
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
sympathetic nerves
afferent nerves
efferent nerves
autonomic nerves
69
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
creativity
reasoning
intelligence
insight
70
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
a personality test
an intelligence test
an aptitude test
71
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
loud noise
fear reaction
rabbit
rat
72
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
the reciprocity norm
73
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
formal operations
74
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
obedience
conformity
75
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
76
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
77
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
concrete
conventional
postconventional
78
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
79
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
80
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
vitreous humor
lens
81
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
82
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
83
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
84
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
genetic influences on IQ
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
a variety of environmental factors
85
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
86
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
REM
stage 4
stage 2
87
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
88
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
escape learning
avoidance learning
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
89
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
displacement
fixation
regression
90
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
91
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
the internal state causes the facial expression
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
92
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
93
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
94
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
predictive validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
standardized validity
95
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
attachment
behavioral quality
temperament
96
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
97
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the conscious aspect of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
98
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
problem-solving theory
activation-synthesis theory
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
99
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
complete storage failure
partial storage
100
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
repression
avoidance
101
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
102
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
103
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a sedative
104
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
attachment probing
strange situation
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
105
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-walking
106
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
a percentile score
IQ
mental age
107
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
108
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
anxiety disorders
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia
109
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
aversion therapy
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
systematic desensitization
110
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
111
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
112
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
personality; standardized
113
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
ESB
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
114
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
115
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
social charm
manipulative behavior
116
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
behaviorism
functionalism
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
117
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thyroid
pituitary
thalamus
118
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
retrieved
modeled
encoded
119
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
procedural
episodic
fluid
120
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Wernicke's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
121
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
median
mode
mean
midpoint
122
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
mood
123
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the correlational group
the observational group
the experimental group
the control group
124
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
sebaceous gland
thyroid gland
pituitary gland
pancreas
125
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
126
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
cyclical
127
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
reticular formation
endocrine system
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
128
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
129
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
William James
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
Rene Decartes
130
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
pressure
conflict
change
131
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
132
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
social loafing
deindividuation
conformity
133
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
134
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
cochlea
oval window
temporal lobe
135
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
decibels
loudness
136
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
137
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
schema
semantic network
script
chunk
138
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
observational learning
classical conditioning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
139
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
140
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
symmetry
closure
constancy
similiarity
141
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
a deceptive test
142
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
teratogens
143
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
reiteration
recall
144
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
selection
stimulus discrimination
shaping
step-wise conditioning
145
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
smelling an odor
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
146
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the cephalocaudal trend
147
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
stereotypes
cognitive structuring
schematizing
148
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
149
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
linguistic heuristics
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
150
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud