PSYC 1440 Midterm 1, part 2

After Marian Keech's end-of-the-world prophecies didn't come true, she said they'd been spared. What then occured?

This bias seems to appear only for –– behaviors (and when the actor is highly unusual).

We create dissonance b/c an act doesn't seem justified to us; it is not consistent w/ external causes of our disposition

When tasked with a dull task (twiddling spools for an hour), who recorded more favorable attitudes?

Dissonance requires resolution, which is always rational.

When presented with a list w/ more men, but more famous women, subjects judged there to be...

Storms thought that b/c of different visual/attentional perspectives on social events, the actor-observer bias occured.

Hakmiller: who was more likely to view the score of the worst ranked person score in the group? (Self-protective motive)

Mars trains for four hours to get into a club. Lola trains for four months. They find out it's boring, yet...

Which of the following is an independent identity, or self-construal, that we might see in individualistic cultures?

Simply mentioning factors that might hamper your performance constitutes as self-handicapping.

Swann et al.: When given a choice, individuals w/ (-) self concept chose to hear (-) about themselves, showcasing _____.

Berglas & Jones: participants that did "rlly well" after a harder prob set->likely to take a performance enhancing drug.

When the constraint was strong and unmistakable in the read-a-set-of-political-opinions experiment, subjects thought:

Post-decision dissonance explained why, for subjects that chose a free product from their top 2 on a ranked list...

We tend to perceive ourselves as better than average, with more important traits showing more self-enhancement.

When –– is low, people make explanations that target the event or episode's unique features.

Dissonance: inconsistency between a person's beliefs/attitudes and their actions creates a __ that we want to fix.

If everything is high—consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency—external attribution is the result.

Which of the following statements exemplifies Daryl Bem's theory of attitudinal change? Think dispassion, rationality...

In that study, choices from people w/ (+) self-concept are ambiguous because they...

Which of the following isn't somewhere people's self-concepts come from?

Anchoring: initially suggested, irrelevant info serves as an implicit comparison standard that __ later judgment.

Bierbrauer: when individuals were shown a real-life enactment of Milgram's study and asked which students would do it...

Michael Lewis: performs well in ways that basketball stats don't capture well, causing errors in representativeness.

After writing the last 4 digits of their SSN, respondents responded around that # when asked ab physicians in Manhattan.

Base rates are useful; even if the stereotype is partially diagnostic, more people w/ it may fall into a separate group.

Jones+Harris: participants thought pro/anti-Castro sentiment was mirrored in such essays only when authors had a choice.

When low consensus and distinctiveness are paired with high consistency, there is internal attribution

__: making a judgment of frequency/probability of an event based on the ease with which instances can be brought to mind

Dissonance effects were reduced when participants took a tranquilizer and enhanced when they took an amphetamine.

Why was this?

Women undergoing breast cancer treatment were more likely to lean towards __ comparison, exemplifying __

Carroll: b4 '76 elections, subjects were asked to imagine Carter/Ford having won+giving speeches. They then imagined:

Self-enhancement: motive to restore/lessen the negativity of one's self views, even if this means compromising veracity.

Linda—single, outspoken, etc. was more likely to be identified as a teller in the fem. movement than just a teller b/c:

Self-verification is more widely studied than self-enhancement/self-protection.

Representativeness heuristic: making a judgment of probability or frequency based on similarity or representativeness.

Yale students: after writing counter-attitudinal essays ab police, students paid less reported less favorably ab police.

Which of the following did physicians, patients, and students make more decisions in favor of ab lung cancer treatment?

Comparing myself to Michelle, who's much better than I am at math, exemplifies:

Language priming: more students used personal traits when speaking __ and more group affiliations when speaking __.

When observers viewed the video from the actor's perspective and vice-versa, the actor-observer bias was...

Relying on representativeness led to an emphasis of base rates in the "Tom" study (w/ stem-coded student description)

When investigators interviewed racetrack bettors, those who alr bet->less confident in their horse than those who hadn't

Interdependent self view: self is defined in relation to others. Independent self view: self is defined separately.

Self-handicapping: making choices that sabotage our performance. We internalize failure and externalize success.

Actor-observer bias: observers attribute actors' behavior —— to disposition than situation, and vice-versa.

Dissonance we experience w/ these inconsistencies motivates us to change our attitude to be consistent w/ stated beliefs

People prefer to compare themselves to others in better situations than they are, epsecially in threatening situations.

The idea that we have higher chances for positive future life events relative to the average, same sex student is:

Quiz show exp.: when participants' knowledge was gauged by themselves, the questioners (could pick their q's)+observers:

When asked who should be given custody, subjects chose Parent B. When asked who should be denied, they said Parent A.

Self-concept: people's beliefs ab themselves (affective). Self-esteem: how people feel ab themselves (cognitive)

If I fail a test, I'm more likely to attribute it to luck than if I do really well on it.

__: observers underestimate situational factors' impact and overestimate dispositional factors' impact for actors.