Where can Crohn's disease affect?

any area of the GIT - from mouth to anus

Tube like passages connecting an internal organ and skin, or two organ

Strategies used to diagnose prostate cancer are patient history,

PSA assessment, DRE, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), biopsy

BRAC1 and BRAC2 gene mutations

can be inherited from maternal and paternal gene line

Exposure of unprotected skin to UV radiation is important in the prevention of osteoporosis because

UV responsible for conversion of precursors Vit D, processed by liver/kidne

Risk factors for the development of the breast cancer include

early menarche, using HRT for more than 5 years, oral contraceptive use

The characteristics of a grade 4(IV) malignant tumour include

the spread of malignant cells to distant sites of the body has occured

Which of the following are clinical manifestations of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome?

Limb flushed and warm, thin shiny skin, muscle wasting

Which of the following processes leads to osteoporosis in the years after achieving peak bone mass density (BMD)?

bone resorption by osteoclasts exceeds bone formation osteoblasts

A common cause of fluid body deficit in the perioperative period is

excessive losses of GIT fluids - vomiting, diarrhoea, suctioning

Why do men generally displays clinical manifestations of osteoporosis at an older age compared to women?

The peak BMD of a male is generally 8-10% higher than peak BMD of females

The pathological changes that are characteristic of osteoporosis are

cortical becomes porous/thin + structural integrity of trabecular impaired

Premenopausal women are advised to perform self-breast examination every

month on the same day or day, month in the week after menstruation

Osmotic pressure is defined as

the power of a solution to draw water across a membrane

Good dietary sources of calcium are

milk, cheese, sardines, dried figs

Complications of radiation therapy include

diarrhoea, rectal ulcer, urinary incontinence

Immobilisation of a suspected fracture helps to reduce

Risk of further bleeding, soft tissue damage, nerve and blood compression

Risk factors for the development of breast cancer include

early menarche, using HRT for more than 5yrs, oral contraceptive use

All cancer cells develop from

a normal cell whose DNA has been damaged

Non-modifiable risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer includes

over 50yrs, family history, having IBD

An aphthoid lesion is a

shallow ulcer with a wide base and elevated margins similar to canker sore

What is the role of calcium in maintenance of bone mass density?

Forming much of the extracellular matrix of trabecular bone

The action of anti-androgen agents in the treatment of prostate cancer is to

cause the tumour to shrink by blocking androgens entering the cells

A knife-like cleft or groove extending into the bowel wall

facilitate the movement of water into cells and cause cells to swell

Affective (psychological) response to pain include

anxiety, depression, anger, withdrawal

Where on the body are fracture blisters most likely to occur?

Areas where there is little soft tissue between bone and skin - knee, ankle

Risk factors for development of prostate cancer include

age, family history, having a vasectomy

A strategy that may help prevent falls in a person diagnosed with osteoporosis is

an exercise program tailored to meet individuals specific needs + ability

A neuromodulator is a substance that is released from

neurons and transmit signals to other neurons

the loss of differentiation which gives cells their normal organisation

Modifications to the DNA of breast tissue cells are caused by

genetic alterations, environmental agents or their interactions

Obstruction to the flow of urine may be caused by the

enlarging tumour compressing the urethra

Common- adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are

dyspepsia, gastric irritation, peptic ulcers

Incident pain occurs when

activities, dressings or procedures increase the pain experience

Hydrostatic pressure is defined as

power of solution to push water across a membrane

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) mobilises calcium from bone when hypocalcaemia occurs in order to

move calcium back into blood to support calcium dependant physiological

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401207 Health Variations 1 - Part 1

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Questions 98

Answers

1
Where can Crohn's disease affect?
any area of the GIT - from mouth to anus
small intestine only
Upper GIT
Lower GIT
2
The aetiology of Crohn's disease is
viral infection
cigarette smoking
unknown
bacterial infection
3
What are fistulas?
Tongue like projections extending from bowel mucosa layer
Cleft or grooves extending into the bowel wall
Proliferation of fibrous connective tissue
Tube like passages connecting an internal organ and skin, or two organ
4
Strategies used to diagnose prostate cancer are patient history,
PSA assessment, DRE, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), biopsy
PSA assessment, TRUS, biopsy, CT scan
prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, biopsy, MRI and CT scan
PSA assessment, digital rectal exam (DRE), MRI
5
BRAC1 and BRAC2 gene mutations
are a mutation of chromosome 17 and 13
are responsible for the development of most breast cancer
can be inherited from maternal and paternal gene line
are inherited only by the maternal gene line
6
What is a corticosteroid drug?
a potent anti-inflammatory
a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory (NSAIDS)
a narcotic drug
a weak anti-inflammatory
7
The management of a fluid volume excess in the perioperative period includes
aggressive fluid replacement
administrating drugs that retain sodium
a restriction of fluid intake
increased foods containing sodium in diet
8
Exposure of unprotected skin to UV radiation is important in the prevention of osteoporosis because
UV responsible for calcium absorption into blood stream to homeostasis of D
UV is responsible for Vit D to be absorbed from diet to help bind calcium
UV responsible for conversion of precursors Vit D, processed by liver/kidne
UV responsible for breakdown of dietary Vit D to simplest form into blood
9
What percentage of people with Crohn's are affected in the small bowel?
30-40%
40-50%
10-20%
20-30%
10
The incidence of breast cancer in women
decreases with age
increases with age
is not age related
peaks in the pre-menopausal period
11
Risk factors for the development of the breast cancer include
breastfeeding, family history, menopause after 50
inactivity, breastfeeding, first child after 30
high fat diets, moderate to vigorous exercise, never having children
early menarche, using HRT for more than 5 years, oral contraceptive use
12
The characteristics of a grade 4(IV) malignant tumour include
the cells are well differentiated and resemble tissue of origin
no cancer cells have spread to distant sites
the cells are undifferentiated and bear no resemblance to orign cell/tissue
the spread of malignant cells to distant sites of the body has occured
13
Central pain is pain related to a lesion, trauma or inflammation on the
thoracic organs
myocardium (cardiac muscle)
abdominal organs
brain or spinal cord
14
A painful condition that results from peripheral nerve damage caused by infections or diseases are called
a neuralgia
visceral pain
referred pain
somatic pain
15
Which of the following are clinical manifestations of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome?
Severe pain, thin shiny skin, increased muscle strength
Limb flushed and warm, thin shiny skin, muscle wasting
Muscle wasting, thin shiny skin, limb pale and warm
Severe pain, muscle wasting, limb flushed and cold
16
Which of the following processes leads to osteoporosis in the years after achieving peak bone mass density (BMD)?
Bone formation by osteoclast exceeds bone resorption by osteoblasts
Bone resorption by osteoblast exceeds bone formation by osteoclasts
Bone formation by osteoblast exceeds bone resorption by osteoblasts
bone resorption by osteoclasts exceeds bone formation osteoblasts
17
A common cause of fluid body deficit in the perioperative period is
increased ingestion of foods containing sodium
an excessive administration of IV fluids
excessive losses of GIT fluids - vomiting, diarrhoea, suctioning
the administration of exogenous corticosteroids
18
Why do men generally displays clinical manifestations of osteoporosis at an older age compared to women?
The peak BMD of a male is not affected by a decline in male sex hormones
The peak bone mass density(BMD)of male is not affected by oestrogen decline
The peak BMD of a male is generally 8-10% lower that peak BMD of females
The peak BMD of a male is generally 8-10% higher than peak BMD of females
19
The pathological changes that are characteristic of osteoporosis are
cortical becomes porous/thin + structural integrity of trabecular impaired
cortical become porous/loses its trabecular meshwork + compact bones weaken
cortical bone becomes denser and trabecular bone thickens
cortical bone thickens and trabecular bone thins
20
Premenopausal women are advised to perform self-breast examination every
month on the same day or day
month in the week after menstruation
month in the week before menstruation
two months after the age of 40
21
Narcotic analgesics are the preferred treatment for mild, moderate and severe pain
True
False
22
Osmotic pressure is defined as
fluids having a high concentration of solutes
the power of a solution to push water across a membrane
fluids having low concentration of solutes
the power of a solution to draw water across a membrane
23
Nalaxone is a
narcotic agonist
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
narcotic antagonist
mild analgesic
24
Good dietary sources of calcium are
milk, cheese, sardines, dried figs
milk, yoghurt, sardines, soft drink
milk, yoghurt, rhubarb, kale
milk, cheese, yoghurt, herrings
25
The area of the breast most commonly affected by breast cancer is the
lower outer quadrant
area surrounding the areolar
upper outer quadrant
the nipple and the areolar
26
Complications of radiation therapy include
cystitis, constipation, urethral stricture
bowel obstruction, rectal stricture, azotaemia
proctitis, peritonitis, erectile dysfunction
diarrhoea, rectal ulcer, urinary incontinence
27
Immobilisation of a suspected fracture helps to reduce
Further soft tissue damage, pain with movement, haematoma formation
Risk of further bleeding, soft tissue damage, nerve and blood compression
Thromboembolism, bone fragments perforating skin, haematoma formation
Bone fragments perforating skin, thromboembolism, soft tissue damage
28
Risk factors for the development of breast cancer include
high fat diets, moderate - vigorous exercise, never having children
early menarche, using HRT for more than 5yrs, oral contraceptive use
inactivity, breastfeeding, first child after 30yrs
breastfeeding, family history, menopause after 50yrs
29
All cancer cells develop from
a germline cell
a normal cell whose DNA has been damaged
a mutation on an immature stem cell
an inherited mutated gene
30
Non-modifiable risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer includes
history of colorectal adenomas, over 60yrs, radiation exposure
over 50yrs, family history, having IBD
obesity, lack of exercise, high intake of well cooked red meats
over 60yrs, family history of BRAC2 gene mutation, smoking
31
An aphthoid lesion is a
deep cleft or groove in the bowel wall
cavity containing pus surrounded by inflammed tissue
shallow ulcer with a wide base and elevated margins similar to canker sore
soft, pink fleshy lesion containing capillaries and surrounded by collagen
32
What is the role of calcium in maintenance of bone mass density?
Forming most of the organic matrix of cortical bone
Controlling levels of parathyroid hormone in bone
Forming much of the extracellular matrix of trabecular bone
Facilitating the uptake of Vitamin D into bone
33
The action of anti-androgen agents in the treatment of prostate cancer is to
enhance movement of androgens into cancer cells to prevent tumour growth
cause the tumour to shrink by blocking androgens entering the cells
prevent the production of nucleic acid and DNA production
interrupt the cell life cycle in G1 phase
34
Fissures are:
A proliferation of fibrous tissue
A knife-like cleft or groove extending into the bowel wall
A tube like passage between an organ and skin or two internal organs
Tongue like extensions from the mucosa layer of the bowel
35
Hypotonic solutions
do not shrink or expand cells
draw water out of cells - shrink cells
allow proteins to enter the cells
facilitate the movement of water into cells and cause cells to swell
36
Affective (psychological) response to pain include
anxiety, depression, anger, withdrawal
reluctance to move, grimacing, crying, restlessness
protecting painful are, stoicism, anger
fear, withdrawal, moaning, crying
37
Where on the body are fracture blisters most likely to occur?
The area of soft tissue immediately adjacent to the fractured bone
In area where there is skin over muscle - calves, upper arms, thighs
Areas where there is little soft tissue between bone and skin - knee, ankle
The richly perfused areas of the mucus membranes of the oral cavity
38
Risk factors for development of prostate cancer include
family history, infertility, high animal fat diet
age, family history, having a vasectomy
having a vasectomy, celibacy, excessive Vitamin A supplement
genetic and hereditary factors, age, insufficient Vitamin K
39
A strategy that may help prevent falls in a person diagnosed with osteoporosis is
assess past history of falls
an exercise program tailored to meet individuals specific needs + ability
have regular bone mass density assessments
increase dietary intake of calcium
40
Narcotic analgesics increase both the pain threshold and pain tolerance
False
True
41
A neuromodulator is a substance that is released from
the nucleus of the cell body when a neuron dies
neurons and transmit signals to other neurons
mast cells as an inflammatory response
injured tissue as a result of inflammation
42
Narcotic analgesics alter the perception of pain and the emotional response to pain
False
True
43
Anaplasia refers to
an increased rate of cell division leading to an increased number of cells
the programmed cell death of damaged or rapidly proliferating cells
the loss of differentiation which gives cells their normal organisation
the cancer cell's independence from normal cellular control
44
Modifications to the DNA of breast tissue cells are caused by
genetic alterations, environmental agents or their interactions
environmental agents
genetic alterations
maternal and paternal germlines
45
The majority of breast cancer in women is
androgen dependant
oestrogen dependant
not related to hormones
insulin dependant
46
Obstruction to the flow of urine may be caused by the
enlarging tumour compressing ther ureter
enlarging tumour compressing the urethra
tumour occupying space in the bladder
metastatic spread to kidney
47
Common- adverse effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are
nausea, vomitting, diarrhoea
dyspepsia, gastric irritation, peptic ulcers
dizziness, palpitations, anorexia
insomnia, restlessness, malaise
48
Incident pain occurs when
activities, dressings or procedures increase the pain experience
a person has a lesion in the brain or spinal cord
no pathological cause can be identified after exhaustive examination
peripheral nerve damage is caused by infections or diseases
49
Hydrostatic pressure is defined as
fluids having a low concentration of solutes
power of solution to push water across a membrane
fluids having a high concentration of solutes
the power of a solution to draw water across a membrane
50
How can Crohn's be diagnosed?
Ultrasound
Endoscopies
Urinalysis
X-ray
51
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) mobilises calcium from bone when hypocalcaemia occurs in order to
move calcium back into blood to support calcium dependant physiological
prevent deposits of calcium salts forming in the soft tissues and kidneys
mobilise calcium back into blood , excess calcium excreted via kidneys
facilitate absorption of more calcium back into bones
52
Bisphosphonates is a common group of drug to treat osteoporosis. It is important that the person taking the drug is told
to take the medication before bed to minimise effects of nausea
to take medication with food to enhance absorption
to take medication with glass of milk to avoid metallic taste
to remain upright for 30mins after taking drug to avoid risk of gastritis
53
Crohn's Disease is curable
False
True
54
The rationale for performing a sentinel lymph node biopsy is to
identify if the tumour is oestrogen dependent
assess the closest lymph node for metastasis
diagnose and stage the breast tumour
assess distant lymph nodes for metastasis
55
Postmenopausal women are advised to do self-breast examination every
month in the week after menstruation
month in the week before menstruation
month on the same day or date
2 months after the age of 40
56
Fibrosis causes;
increased peristalsis and segmentation of the colon
narrowing and shortening of the bowel
bowel mucosa to become hyeraemic and friable
the mucosa of the bowel to become oedematous
57
BRAC1 and BRAC2 gene mutations
can be inherited from maternal and paternal gene lines
are inherited only by the maternal gene line
are a mutation of chromosome 17 and 13
are responsible for the development of most breast cancers
58
Bone mineral density T-score is assessed by
x-ray
dual imagery x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
ultrasound
CT scan
59
The staging of colorectal cancer as T2N1M1 is interpreted as, the primary tumour
has spread into lymph nodes and no metastasis to distant sites
has spread to 2 adjacent areas, metastasis to one regional lymph node
has invaded the muscularis propria, metastasis to 1-3 regional lymph/ sites
exceeds 2cm in diameter, metastasis in 1 regional lymph node and liver
60
What stage in a person's lifetime should they engage in dietary and lifestyle strategies to prevent osteoporosis?
During childhood
At the onset of menopause
After turning 30
During young adulthood
61
Endorphins are found attached to neurons in
spinal cord only
brain, spinal cord and GIT
brain only
peripheral nerves only
62
What are 5-ASA's?
Prostaglandin synthesis assit
Prostaglandin antagonist
Prostaglandin agonist
Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor
63
Clinical manifestations of prostate cancer include
erectile dysfunction, bon/hip/pelvic pain, blood in faeces, urgency
poor urine flow, weight gain, haematospemia, migratory bone pain
bone/joint pain, frequency, haematuria, incomplete bladder emptying
low sperm count, nocturia, nerve pain, difficulty commencing voiding
64
Complications that may develop from fluid volume excess include
hypovolaemic shock
acute renal failure
cerebral and pulmonary oedema
postural hypotension
65
Modifiable risk factors for the development of osteoporosis include
Inadequate dietary calcium, weight bearing exercise, family history
Inadequate dietary Vitamin D, BMI <20kg/m2, increasing age
inadequate weight bearing exercise, UV exposure, caucasian family origin
inadequate dietary calcium, UV exposure and weight bearing exercise
66
Most breast cancer (70%) arise from the
epithelial lining of the lactiferous ducts
epithelial cells of the lobules
epithelial lining of the glands of Montgomery in the areola
subepithelial cells of the acini
67
What is the role of regular weight bearing exercise in the primary prevention of osteoporosis?
Places mechanical stress on bones which decreases bone formation
Improves balance and gait deficits to help prevent falls
Places mechanical stress on bone which increases bone formation
Maintains joint mobility to prevent falls
68
Which of the following specific dietary strategy may reduce risk of developing prostate cancer?
increase tomato, pink grapefruit and watermelon, reduce red meat and fat
increase Vitamin E and avoid tomatoes, ret meat and high fat foods
reduce protein intake and increase high fibre fruit and vegetables
reduce fruit intake, increase vegetable intake and reduce animal fat intake
69
Clinical manifestations of fluid volume deficit include
tachycardia, hypertension, decreased capillary refill
decreased urine output, oedema, poor skin turgor
thirst, weight loss, increased temperature
dry skin and mucous membranes, weight gain, increased BP
70
Fluid volume excess includes
high intravascular fluid, excess interstitial fluid
decreased blood volume, excess interstitial fluid
increased interstitial fluid, decreased intravascular fluid
decreased blood volume, decreased interstitial fluid
71
Metastasis of colorectal cancer cells to distant sites in the body is facilitated by
the development of angiogenesis within the primary tumour
the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumour to adjacent tissue
cancer cells not experiencing apoptosis due to mutation of the KRAS gene
continuous insult from acquired mutations in cellular DNA
72
The most common site for metastasis from primary prostate cancer is
bowel
bone - hips and vertebrae
brain
liver and spleen
73
Which is NOT a surgical intervention in treating Crohn's?
Ileostomy
Splenoctomy
Balloon Dilation
Total colectomy
74
A 70 year old women with hip fracture is diagnosed with osteoporosis. What is one factor that most likely contributed?
increased andrigen levels
excessive strenuous exercise
decreased oestrogen levels
excessive dietary calcium
75
Extracellular fluid includes fluid
within cells only
in blood vessels only
only in the space between cells and blood vessels
all body fluid outside cells
76
The faecal immunochemical test (FIT) should be completed
annually after the age of 60
once every 3 years after the age of 60
annually to every 2 years after the age of 50
once every 5 years after the age of 50
77
What is NOT a complication of Crohn's ?
Abscesses
Bowel obstruction
Fistulas
haemorrhoids
78
Clinical manifestations of breast cancer include
nipple discharge, persistent rash over nipple, burning/stinging
breast mass/thickening, nausea/vomitting, unusual lump in underarm
nipple discharge, popular skin rash over collarbone, nipple pain
changed nipple position, dimpling, retraction in breast area, rash underarm
79
Malignant tumours
contain cells that are well differentiated, invasive and do not metastasise
do not ulcerate or haemorrhage, are not capsulated and may metastasise
grow rapidly, are invasive and may haemorrhage
are well circumscribed, capsulated and grow slowly
80
Primary prevention of osteoporosis includes
Commence Vitamin D replacement therapy in the fourth decade
Commencing hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
Identifying individuals at risk of fractures
Ensuring adequate intake of dietary calcium
81
The lesion of Crohn's disease may affect
the mucosal layer of the bowel wall only
all layers of the bowel wall
the mucosa and the submucosa of the bowel wall only
the muscularis and submucosal layers of the bowel wall only
82
A major longterm complication following a mastectomy and lymph node dissection is
numbness in the axilla area
lymphedema of the arm on the surgical side
numbness and tingling in the arm on the nonsurgical side
formation of scar tissue in the axilla area
83
The action of tamoxifen in relation to preventing and treating breast chance is to inhibit tumour growth by
blocking the oestrogen receptor sites of cancer cells
enhancing oestrogen uptake by cancer cells
inhibiting androgen uptake by cancer cells
increasing the number of androgen receptor sites of cancer cells
84
Cardinal signs of small bowel obstruction (SBO):
severe pain in upper right quadrant spreading to shoulder, nausea, vomiting
abdominal distention, vomiting and chills
anaemia, nausea, vomiting and weight loss
abdominal distension, bilious vomiting, persistant pain and water loss
85
The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer is most commonly initiated by
the abnormal proliferation of anaplastic cells
a mutation of the adenopolyposis coli (APC) gene
the development of an adenomatous polyp
the ability of damaged cells to avoid apoptosis
86
The significance of prostate specific antigen (PSA) assessment as a tool for diagnosing prostate cancer
PSA is cancer-specific= increase in levels is diagnostic of prostate cancer
There is a normal range for PSA = increased level is diagnostic of cancer
PSA is organ-specific = increased level is diagnostic of prostate cancer
An increase PSA over time is more significant than one reading in diagnosis
87
A positive sentinel lymph node biopsy result would indicate
that there is metastasis to distant organs
cancer cells have not spread via lymph to the node closest to the tumour
cancer cells have spread via lymph to the nide closest to the tumour
that there is no metastasis to distant organs
88
Calcium supplements are administered to
To build calcium stores int he prevention and management of osteoporosis
Increase calcium stores to prevent iatrogenic osteoporosis
To build calcium stores to maintain peak bone mass density in premenopausal
Ensure prevention of primary osteoporosis
89
To reduce the risk of breast cancer, a woman should
east fresh fruit and vegetables, not breastfeed, take oral contraceptives
maintain healthy body weight, regular exercise, low fat diet
not take oral contraceptive, avoid vigorous exercise, regular mammograms
eat high animal fat diet, regular exercise, maintain healthy body weight
90
Non-modifiable risk factors for the development of osteoporosis include
inadequate dietary calcium, UV exposure, weight bearing exercise
history of fragility fracture, BMI <20kg/m2, increasing age
smoking, caucasian family origins, family history
increasing age, Glucocorticoid therapy of 3mnths, family history
91
IV fluid that may be used in the management of fluid volume deficit in the perioperative period includes
3% sodium chloride
5% dextrose in water (D5W)
10% dextrose in water (D10W)
20% dextrose in water (D20W)
92
Transmural lesions:
may spread to any area of the GIT
develop in patchy "cobble-stone" pattern through the GIT
penetrate the mucosa and submucosa of the GIT
penetrate all layers of the bowel
93
High fibre diets may be used with caution or contraindicated for the person who has an IBD because
high fibre foods may cause constipation
diarrhoea is a common clinical manifestation of the disease
the ingestion of high fibre foods may increase
strictures and projections into the bowel lumen can be a complication
94
The clinical manifestations of Crohn's includes;
haemorrhoids, anaemia, palpable mass in right lower quadrant
fatigue, malaise, weight loss and diarrhoea w/ blood
Fatigue, weight loss, malaise and diarrhoea
diarrhoea w/ blood, pain in left lower quadrant, anaemia
95
The majority of breast cancer in women is
not related to hormones
oestrogen dependant
androgen dependant
insulin dependant
96
Almost all primary prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop in the
medial lobe of the prostate gland
capsule of the prostate gland
central zone of the prostate gland
peripheral zone of the prostate gland
97
Where does Crohn's disease most commonly affect?
Transverse and descending colon
Ascending and sigmoid colon
Jejunum and ileum
Ileum and ascending colon
98
Most (70%) of breast cancer arise from the
epithelial linings of the lactiferous ducts
epithelial lining of the gland of Montgomery in the areola
epithelial cells of the lobules
subepithelial cells of the acini

401207 Health Variations 1 - Part 1 Flashcards | StudBud