GLOBALIZATION

Gap between rich and poor nations and within countries.

Global flow of investments, loans, and other financial instruments.

International exchange of goods and services, governed by trade agreements and regulations.

The interconnected system of trade, finance, and production that operates across national borders.

Automation, artificial intelligence, and digitalization transforming industries.

Provides financial assistance for development projects.

Promotes global financial stability and cooperation.

Trade wars, sanctions, and conflicts like the Ukraine war impacting global stability.

Balancing the benefits of market integration with concerns about fairness, competition, and social welfare.

Concerns about fair trade practices and job losses.

Improved transportation and communication technologies facilitate movement of goods and information.

The process by which separate markets become more interconnected, leading to increased competition, movement of goods.

Negative impact of globalization

Balancing openness with protecting domestic industries.

Oversees rules for international trade.

Intergovernmental cooperation, international organizations, global governance.

The Bretton Woods System and institutions like the UN established a new post-war framework within the Interstate System.

Trade liberalization, international finance, foreign direct investment, multinational corporations.

Combining different stages of the production process within a single firm.

Regional blocs except;

Preventing another financial crisis and ensuring. financial inclusion.

Combining similar firms operating at the same stage of the production process within a single market.

Rising government debt levels in many countries.

Positive impact of globalization except:

Growing concern for environmental sustainability and transition

Advancements in communication and transportation technologies, internet, social media..

It describes the increasing interconnectedness of the world's economies, cultures, and populations.

Global structure of relationships between sovereign states, characterized by competition, cooperation, and power dynamic

Multinational corporations operating across borders, with complex supply chains.

European powers used the Interstate System to justify and legitimize colonial expansion,further intensifying global eco.

Examples include the European Union and NAFTA, which create common markets with free movement of goods, services, and fa

Global economy rebounding from COVID-19, but unevenly across regions and sectors.

Trade agreements, treaties, and international organizations facilitated cross-border trade and investment flows, driving

Production processes spread across different countries,highlighting the interconnectedness of markets.

Issues like climate change, pandemics, and terrorism transcended national borders, necessitating greater cooperation