Molecular Biology Basics Flashcards | StudBud

Molecular Biology Basics

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Test your knowledge on fundamental concepts and techniques in molecular biology

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Questions 58

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1
What process separates terminated DNA fragments?
Restriction digestion
Gel electrophoresis
PCR
Centrifugation
2
Which transporter uses light energy?
Aquaporins
Glucose symporter
Na⁺/K⁺ pump
Bacteriorhodopsin
3
What is the advantage of CRISPR/Cas9?
Silences mRNA
Sequences DNA
Enables targeted editing
Amplifies DNA
4
What enzyme dephosphorylates PIP3?
mTOR
PTEN
MEK
GRB2
5
What is Akt's function after activation?
Activate Ras
Degrade DNA
Promote apoptosis
Inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins
6
What is the purpose of an antibiotic resistance gene?
To replicate faster
To cut DNA
To select transformed bacteria
To sequence DNA
7
What do restriction enzymes recognize?
RNA sequences
Specific short DNA sequences
Random nucleotide patterns
Phosphodiester bonds
8
What ensures specificity of transporter proteins?
Size exclusion only
Random diffusion
Specific binding sites
Electrical gradient
9
How do bacteria protect their DNA?
Encode inhibitors
Modify recognition sites
Double-layered cell wall
Use RNA interference
10
How is a gene knocked out?
Duplicated
Silenced temporarily
Overexpressed
Permanently deleted
11
What is a major application of recombinant DNA?
Making transgenic mice
Producing therapeutic proteins
Only gene libraries
Gene sequencing
12
What does ΔG = RT ln(c_in/c_out) calculate?
Diffusion rate
Protein folding
Free energy change
DNA melting temp
13
What does PDK1 do in the pathway?
Activates Akt
Inhibits Akt
Degrades PIP3
Phosphorylates Ras
14
What is the effect of cholera toxin?
Blocks sodium channels
Uses ATP
Increases cAMP
Decreases cAMP
15
What is recombinant DNA?
Spliced from different sources
Damaged DNA
Altered by mutation
Synthesized in vitro
16
Why do polar molecules struggle to cross membranes?
Bind membrane proteins
Hydrophobic core repels them
Block ATP channels
Too small
17
What does CFTR do with cAMP?
Secretes chloride ions
Pumps sodium
Binds cholera toxin
Secretes glucose
18
What defines a symport?
Passive transport
Two molecules, same direction
Opposite directions
ATP-driven
19
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Carbohydrate matrix
Lipid bilayer
Single phospholipid layer
Rigid protein shell
20
What is reverse transcriptase's purpose?
Amplify DNA
Ligate DNA
Convert mRNA to cDNA
Sequence DNA
21
How does siRNA knock down expression?
Enhancing translation
Degrading target mRNA
Binding DNA
Degrading proteins
22
What happens during PCR denaturation?
Primers are synthesized
Double-stranded DNA separates
DNA polymerase binds
DNA is ligated
23
What is the function of the calcium pump?
Increase cytosolic calcium
Remove Ca²⁺ from cytosol
Make ATP
Transport sodium
24
What happens during the annealing step of PCR?
Fluorescence is measured
DNA is denatured
DNA is cut
Primers bind to DNA
25
What is the first step in RTK activation?
Ligand binding
Ras-GTP hydrolysis
Akt phosphorylation
Activation of GRB2
26
What is the function of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump?
Moves only Na⁺
Moves only K⁺
Moves Na⁺ into cell
Moves Na⁺ out and K⁺ in
27
Why is Na⁺/K⁺ pump electrogenic?
Equal charges moved
Uses light
Requires external electricity
Moves more positive charges out
28
What distinguishes passive transport?
With gradient, no energy
Requires ATP
Against the gradient
Light energy
29
What kind of molecules diffuse easily?
Ions
Proteins
Large polar molecules
Small non-polar molecules
30
What is the guide RNA's role in CRISPR?
Cuts DNA
Initiates translation
Matches target DNA
Recruits Cas9 repair
31
What do GRB2 domains allow?
Bind DNA
Bind phosphorylated tyrosines
Activate Akt directly
Dephosphorylate Ras
32
What kind of DNA fragments are joined?
Non-coding only
Native only
Mutated only
Different sources
33
What is the primary energy source for active transport?
ATP
GTP
FADH₂
NADH
34
What type of transport is Na⁺/glucose symporter?
Simple channel
Passive diffusion
Secondary active transport
Active antiport
35
Why is ORT effective in cholera?
Just water
Triggers Na⁺/water reabsorption
Increases toxin uptake
Stops cholera toxin
36
What defines a uniport?
Co-transport
Passive channel
Two directions
One molecule, one direction
37
How is DNA visualized in gel electrophoresis?
Antibody staining
Sound waves
Heat signature
Fluorescent dyes
38
What does PI3K phosphorylate?
ATP
PIP2
PIP
IP3
39
What defines an antiport?
Opposite directions
Needs ATP
Same direction
One direction only
40
What is a genomic library?
Collection of expressed genes
Complete set of DNA fragments
Set of mutated DNA fragments
Library of RNA sequences
41
What does PCR do?
Sequences genome
Cuts DNA
Joins DNA fragments
Amplifies DNA sequence
42
What is used to synthesize DNA from mRNA?
Reverse transcriptase
Ligase
Taq polymerase
DNA polymerase
43
How does sodium-glucose co-transporter work?
Uses sodium gradient
Pumps glucose out
Works without sodium
Requires ATP
44
What is the main function of aquaporins?
Pump ions
Transport glucose
Synthesize ATP
Facilitate water movement
45
Which gel is used for large DNA separation?
Plastic
Glass
Polyacrylamide
Agarose
46
What is transformation in bacteria?
Uptake of foreign DNA
Sequencing DNA
Plasmid replication
DNA cutting
47
What is a knock-in mouse?
Suppressed gene
Foreign gene inserted
Deleted gene
Silenced gene
48
What is a cDNA library?
Coding sequences from mRNA
Genomic DNA fragments
Only mitochondrial genes
Non-coding regions
49
What molecule terminates strand elongation?
Primase
Dideoxynucleotides
dNTPs
ATP
50
What is needed to insert a new gene?
RNA polymerase
Repair template
PCR primer
siRNA template
51
What is the primary use of siRNA?
Knock down gene expression
Amplify gene expression
Overexpress proteins
Sequence genes
52
What component of CRISPR targets DNA?
PAM site
Cas9 enzyme
Guide RNA
DNA template
53
What role does a cloning vector play?
Digests DNA fragments
Vehicle to replicate DNA
Stains DNA
Sequences DNA fragments
54
What does dideoxynucleotide lack?
5' end
2' OH
3' OH
Phosphate group
55
What defines exponential amplification in PCR?
Slow steady rise
Constant number
Doubling with each cycle
Linear increase
56
What allows a plasmid to replicate?
Restriction enzyme site
Fluorescent marker
Origin of replication
Promoter
57
What is Cas9's role in CRISPR?
Replicates DNA
Cuts RNA
Creates DNA breaks
Makes RNA
58
What are the components of an electrochemical gradient?
Chemical + electrical potential
pH and ATP
Mechanical + electrical
Thermal + osmotic