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Physiology Midterm Practice Questions (N&M, Cardio, and Hemo) Flashcards | StudBud
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Physiology Midterm Practice Questions (N&M, Cardio, and Hemo)
Physiology Midterm Practice Questions (N&M, Cardio, and Hemo)
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1
Which function is included in the micturition reflex during the emptying phase?
Stimulation of alpha-adrenorecptors contracts the urinary bladder wall
The stimulation of muscarinic receptors relax the urinary bladder wall
The stimulation of nicotinic receptors contracts the urinary bladder wall
Stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall intiates sensory path
2
What is the direct consequence of a blood clot obstructing the lumen of the pulmonary artery?
Increases the preload of the left heart
Increases the afterload of the left heart
Increases the afterload of the right heart
Decreases the preload of the right heart
3
What type of muscle cells have Z-lines and respond with a contraction when the controlling motor neuron releases norepi
Single-unit smooth muscle cells
Multi-unit smooth muscle cells
Cardiomyocytes
Skeletal muscle fibers
4
What characterizes the fight-or-flight response?
Pupil dilation
Hypoglycemia
Increased gastrointestinal motility
Bradycardia
5
Which is the metabolically available storage form of iron in the mammalian body?
Ferritin
Hemosiderin
Met-hemoglobin
Transferrin
6
What electrophysiological event is related to the contractile phenotype cardiomyocyte action potential?
Na+ currents depolarize the cell membrane
Funny currents (Na+ and K+) slowly depolarize the cell membrane
Transient Ca channels open and finish the prepotential depolarization
Cl- currents repolarize the cell membrane
7
What best characterizes the role of potassium in excitable cells?
Potassium is nondiffusible anion of the intracellular fluid compartment
Potassium is the principle cation of the extracellular fluid compartment
Potassium is a diffusible anion of the extracellular fluid compartment
Potassium is the main cation of the intracellular fluid compartment
8
Which ion flow is enhanced by stimulating GABAergic signals in neurons
Influx of chloride
Influx of sodium
Influx of potassium
Efflux of calcium
9
What is the strict order of the genesis and conduction of action potentials through the heart?
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, and Bundle branches
SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers, Bundle branches, and Bundle of His
SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
SA node, Bundle of His, AV node, Bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers
10
What is a common mechanism of action of tetanospasmin and botulinum toxin?
They stimulate the alpha motor neuron frequency of firing
They inhibit the reuptake of AcH at the endplate synapsis
They are potent inhibitors of neurotransmitter release by exocytosis
They act on inhintibitory neurons in the spinal cord
11
What physiological variable has the highest impact on blood flow resistance in a blood vessel?
Blood viscosity
Blood vessel radius
Pi
Blood vessel length
12
What is the primary effect of an inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme?
It decreases the afterload
It increases the preload
It increases the retention of water and sodium
It decreases the radius of arterioles
13
What function establishes the difference between the indirect and direct generation of action potentials in sensory cell
The selectiity to respond mainly to one type of stimulus
The propagation of the action potential
The release of neurotransmitter from the sensory receptor cell
The generation of receptor potential
14
What protein is found in the I band of the sarcomere?
Myosin heads
Calmodulin
Myosin tails
Actin
15
Which animals display the smallest erythrocytes in the animal kingdom?
Amphibians
Reptiles
Mammals
Avians
16
What happens to the cardiac valves during the isovolumetric ventricular relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle
All valves are closed
All valves are open
Both AV valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed
Both semilunar valves are open, and the AV valves are closed
17
What explains the lack of erythropoietin (EPO) during anemia in chronic kidney disease?
There is insufficient iron being delivered to the bone marrow
Tubular cells produce hepcidin and inhibit the production of EPO
Erythropoietin-producing cells lose their ability to produce EPO
Myofibroblasts sequester iron
18
Which physiological/pathophysiological condition is related to the development of systemic hypertension?
Aldosterone-mediated secretion of sodium and water
Angiotensin II-mediated vasodilation
Chronic renal failure
Hypothyroidism
19
What is the function of the sodium cotransporters in the enterocyte's apical membrane?
Creates a concentration gradient for Na+ and K+
Transports K+ down its concentration gradient
Transports Na+ and glucose down the Na+ concentration gradient
Transports Na+ against its concentration gradient
20
What causes the decrease in active force at sarcomeres lengthes above the optimal length in skeletal muscle?
The optimal overlap between actin and myosin
The insufficient overlap of actin and myosin filaments
The insufficient calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
The inhibition of the AcH release from the motor neuron axon terminal
21
Hypocalcemia modifies the excitability of motor neurons. Select from the graph which resting membrane potential matches
C
A
B
22
What would happen in an animal that suffers from hypovelmic shock and in which the sympathetic nervous system is blocked
It reabsorbs water in the kidney via actions of aldosterone and ADH
Increases the TPR via a1 adrenoreceptors mediated vasoconstriction
It compensates for the low blood pressure via baroreceptor reflex
Increases the heart inotropism via stimuled B1 adrenorecptors in myocardium
23
Which are the neurotransmitter and receptors of the effector synapse in the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Epinephrine/Nictotine receptor
Acetylcholine/Muscarinic receptor
Norepinephrine/beta-adrenoceptors
Dopamine/dopamine receptor
24
What stimulus directly induces the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys?
Decrease of tissue partial pressure of oxygen
Decrease of circulating red blood cell numbers
Decrease of hemoglobin concentration
Decrease of tissue partial pressure of carbon dioxide
25
What characterizes acute hemolytic anemias?
The formation of bilirubin is decreased
The red blood cells display a longer lifespan
Erythropoietin release from the kidneys is decreased
There are signs of red blood cell regeneration
26
Which condition will decrease the possibility of causing edema?
Increase in capillary permeability
Decrese in the capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
Increase in lymph flow
Increase in the capillary hydrostatic pressure
27
What best characterizes continuous conduction of an action potential in axons?
Continuous conduction decays along the length of the axon
Continuous conduction uses less energy than saltatory conduction
Continuous condution occurs in myelinated axons
Continuous conduction is faster than saltatory conduction
28
What is the role of calcium in the excitation-contraction coupling?
Extracellular Ca influx contributes to the contraction of cardiac muscle
The release of neurotransmitters in the motor endplate is independant of Ca
Ca activates ATPase, which splits ATP into ADP and phosphate
A low intracellular concentration of Ca leads to cross-bridge formation
29
Use the picture to answer the question
Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Capillary plasma colloid osmotic pressure
30
What is the function of Na+-K+ ATPase?
Causes glucose extrusion from the intracellular compartment
Transports Na+ down its concentration gradient
Transports K+ down its concentration gradient
Creates an electrogenic effect in the cell membrane
31
Use the picture below to answer the question
Unilateral left heart failure
Bilateral failure (left and right heart)
Unilateral right heart failure
Decompensated left heart failure
32
What electrode arrangement is used to register the Einthoven Lead III?
Positive electrode: left hindlimb; Negative electrode: left forelimb
Positive electrode: right forelimb; negative electrode: left forelimb
Positive electrode: left hindlimb; Negative electrode: right forelimb
Positive electrode: left forelimb; Negative electrode: right forelimb
33
Which ion flow explains the transient hyperpolarization phase of the action potential in an axon?
Influx of Na+
Efflux of Na+
Efflux of K+
Efflux of Ca++
34
What characterizes the compensatory response of the baroreceptor reflex to a low blood pressure stimulus?
Low heart frequency and cardiac output mediated by muscarinic receptor
Low frequency of impulses from barorecptors that stimulate sympath outflow
Vasodilation by activation of a1-adrenoreceptors in aterial smooth muscle
The release of AcH from the parasympathetic nerves in blood vessels
35
Use the picture to answer the question
Dyshemopoietic, normocytic, hypochromic, non-regenerative
Hemorrhagic, macrocytic, hypochromic, regenerative
Hemorrhagic, microcytic, hypochromic, regenerative
Hemolytic, macrocytic, hypochromic, regenerative
36
What is the consequence of acetylcholinesterase inhibition?
Stimulation of choline reuptake
Increase acetylcholine concentration in the synaptic cleft
Increase acetylcholine concentration in the presynaptic cleft
Decrease acetylcholine concentration in the synpatic cleft
37
What can cause the SA node to display depressed automaticity leading to bradyarrhythmia
Hyperthyroidism and enchanced beta1-adrenoreceptor activation in the heart
Increased parasympathetic activity or vagal tone
Increased sympathetic activity due to pain and/or distress
Immediate compensatory mechanisms during compensated heart failure
38
An auscultation of a cat reveals a loud systolic murmur. What is most likely cause of this heart murmur?
An insufficient aortic valve
An insufficient mitral valve
A stenotic mitral valve
An insufficient pulmonary valve
39
The minimum cardiac output of a horse is 30 litre/min and maximum output is 120 liters/min, what is the cardiac reserve?
0.75
1
4
3
40
Use the picture to answer the question
Blood parasites
Iron deficiency
Chronic renal disease
Cancer
41
In a healthy cat, how soon after a severe blood loss will you see reticulocytosis?
After 14 days
After 7 days
After 1 day
After 3-5 days
42
What arrhythmogenesis mechanism best explains reentry?
Depressed normal heart automaticity
Early afterdepolarization in the heart
Electrical conduction through abnormal cardiac tissue
Enhanced normal heart automaticity
43
Which neurotransmitter is released at the effector synapse in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
GABA
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
44
How does the inhibition of K+ voltage channels modify the myocardium's electrophysiological properties
Shortens the cell membrane's repolarization
Prolongs the cell membrane's repolarization
Blocks the cell membrane's depolarization
Hyperpolarizes the cell membrane
45
In which of the following animals will a first blood transfusion with mismatched blood lead to an immediate reaction
Dogs
Cats
Cattle
Horses
46
What is the contribution of the baroreceptor reflex as a compensatory mechanism in hypovolemic shock?
It mediates hypotension
It mediates diuresis
It mediates bradycardia
It mediates an increase in cardiac output
47
What is the consequence of a genetic defect that restricts the closing of Na+ voltage channel inactivation gate
Hyperpolarization
Permanent depolarization
Stable resting potential
Transient depolarization
48
What electrophysiological mechanism contributes to taller and narrower T waves called "peaked T waves" in hypokalemia?
More synchronous repolarization currents in the ventricles
Hyperpolarizattion of the cell membrane
Early reduction of the repolarization currents
Inactivation of calcium voltage channels
49
Which agent would you select to rule out an increased parasympathetic outflow as a potential cause of bradycardia (dog)
A selective muscarinic antagonist such as atropine
A selective nicotinic receptor antagonish such as pancuronium
An inhibitor of neuronal norepinephrine reuptake such as cocaine
A selective alpha-adrenorecptor antagonist such as phentolamine
50
Fill in the blanks: The systemic circulatory starts at the _______ and ends at the ______
Right venticle/left atrium
Right ventricle/pulmonary artery
Left ventricle/right atrium
Left ventricle/aorta
51
What component of the skeletal muscle structure couples the depolarization of the cell membrane and release of calcium
Actin
Myosin
Tropomyosin
T tubule
52
Use the picture to answer the question
12
14
18
20
