Research Designs/Basic Statistics

What is the second step in the scientific method

What is the fifth step in the scientific method

When a third variable is expected to explain some of the variance in the systematic differences between groups

extraneous variables that vary systematically with the levels of the IV(s)

What does SEM mean?

changes in the DV owing to participants’ beliefs about the efficacy of the treatment

What does it mean when your study focuses on same group compared at different times

Identify the conditions or factors under which certain events are likely to happen in the future.

This error occurs when we do not find something that actually exists

this experimental design that has different groups for every level of the experiment

what experimental design let's the participants experiences all levels of the experiment?

can only take on a whole number

the specific stimuli chosen influence the DV

Experimental research includes manipulation of atleast one IV, control of extraneous variables and random assignment

Fatigue improves performance with continued task experience, not because of the IV itself​

What is the first step in the scientific method

Practice effects decreases performance from task continuance, not because of the IV but just prolonged participation

What correlation is this an example of?

answer to a question on how to measure a construct

Comparison of multiple groups on multiple DVs​

This will have one portion where every participant experiences all IVs and another part where not everyone does.

the average score of the score set

What correlation is this an example of?

When you have a single group measured repeatedly. The intervention does not change across time.

Establish a baseline against which you can determine manipulation effects

Selection occurs in an unsystematic, random, or chance manner

has equal intervals, and a true zero

score can take on any values between lowest and highest possible score (e.g., number line)

middle number of the number set or score

An asymmetrical graph distribution is the same on the left as it is on the right

Most common number

Document the current “state of affairs” and document new discoveries.​ Ask new questions based on current knowledge

What percent is -3σ to 3σ

numbers represent labels/names

Tests to be used with non-normally distributed data​

What is the fourth step in the scientific method

This error occurs when we try to find out something that does not possibly exist

The extent to which there are other plausible explanations for the change in the DV(s).

an exact replication increase confidence in a finding/increase caution. This is be very important but can be uncreative

equal intervals between data points

What is the third step in the scientific method

To what extent does our theory or do our findings differ from how the construct is realized in real life & generalize

Usually 3 or more groups (can run with 2) with 1 DV

Tests to be used with normally distributed data​

What does it mean when your study focuses on different groups compared at the same time

What percent is -1σ to 1σ

Provide a reason for a phenomenon​. Build and test theories

All persons in the population (theoretically) have a chance of being selected.

What percent is -2σ to 2σ

the extent to which a manipulation or score on a measure (as interpreted) is an accurate reflection of the construct

The researcher determines that a specific variable within a population will have impact on the study.

What correlation is this an example of?

What does it mean when your study focuses on different groups compared at different times

Correct errors in practice​. Make informed changes.

numbers represent a ranked order

other variables that can influence the DV

difference between the highest and lowest number

Validity: the extent to which a measure is accurate

Every individual in the population does not have a chance to be in the study.

Assumes there are no differences between the groups​

changes in the DV owing to the research experience but not the manipulation specifically

something we want to measure (e.g., depression)

Carryover effects are an effect of one level of the manipulation influences performance on the next

Statement of significant difference between the groups (there will be a difference due to systematic variance)

Reliability: the extent to which a measure is consistent