What does a p-value of 0.08 mean when testing a hypothesis with a significance level of 0.05?

You fail to reject the null hypothesis

McDonald’s omega coefficient is useful to:

estimate reliability under a congeneric model

A unit increase in loyalty increases the odds of repurchase by 11%

The effect of advertising is unaffected by discount levels

A semi‐partial (part) correlation is used when:

controlling the effect of a third variable on only one focal variable

The null hypothesis is rejected the difference is statistically significant

Split-half reliability is useful to:

assess internal consistency by correlating two test halves

The coefficient of determination (R²) indicates:

proportion of shared variance between two variable

Cohen’s kappa is useful to:

measure agreement between categorical ratings

Nagelkerke’s pseudo R² indicates:

relative improvement over null model

The effect of service quality is independent of product quality

Probability of rejecting H₀ when expert testimonials are more effective.

What information is provided by the adjusted R² coefficient?

The proportion of variance explained, penalized for number of predictors

Pearson’s correlation requires that:

both variables are at least interval‐scale

“social media usage is associated with consumers’ brand awareness”. Which holds true about this hypothesis?

it is an exploratory hypothesis

Spearman’s rho is preferred when:

data are ordinal or non‐normal

What information is provided by the correlation coefficient (R)?

Strength and direction of a linear relationship

A unit increase in exposures increases the odds of click by 50%

Which of the following factors does not affect the power (1–β) of Doris’s hypothesis test?

The chosen significance level (α).

Which of the following statements about confidence level and significance level is correct?

A confidence level of 99% corresponds to a significance level of α = 0.01

Logistic regression is special in that it can:

estimate odds ratios for predictors

Brand familiarity amplifies the effect of ad creativity

What does a p-value of 0.015 mean in a hypothesis test with a 99% confidence level?

The null hypothesis should not be rejected

When conducting a hypothesis test with a 99% confidence level, when is the null hypothesis correctly maintained?

When the p-value is greater than 0.01

The effect of price sensitivity weakens as perceived risk increases

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Questions 76

Answers

1
Post hoc tests in ANOVA are applied after obtaining a:
homogeneity of variances
violation of assumptions
significant F
nonsignificant F
2
What does a p-value of 0.08 mean when testing a hypothesis with a significance level of 0.05?
The probability of a Type I error is 8%
You fail to reject the null hypothesis
You have found a statistically significant effect
3
Which measure of spread increases most drastically when an outlier is added?
mean
IQR
mode
range
4
McDonald’s omega coefficient is useful to:
estimate reliability under a congeneric model
assess differences in item means
test homoscedasticity assumptions
evaluate inter-rater agreement
5
Frage 71
A unit increase in loyalty increases the odds of repurchase by 11%
A unit increase in loyalty increases probability of repurchase by 11%
A unit increase in loyalty increases the odds of repurchase by 10%
A unit decrease in loyalty increases the odds of repurchase by 11%
6
Frage 60
Advertising expenditure amplifies the effect of discount
Advertising eliminates the effect of discount
The effect of advertising is unaffected by discount levels
Discount levels eliminate the effect of advertising
7
Researchers measure purchase intention on a 1–7 scale across four age groups. Which test fits?
Chi-square test
Kruskal–Wallis test
One-way ANOVA
Mann–Whitney U test
8
A semi‐partial (part) correlation is used when:
all variables are normally distributed
both variables are categorical
controlling the effect of a third variable on only one focal variable
variables are measured on different scales
9
Frage 2
The null hypothesis is rejected the difference is statistically significant
A Type II error has occurred
The null hypothesis is maintained; no significant difference exists
10
An agency counts how many users clicked an ad (yes/no) across three regions. Which analysis?
Paired-samples t-test
One-way ANOVA
Chi-square test
Independent samples t-test
11
Split-half reliability is useful to:
assess internal consistency by correlating two test halves
measure agreement between different raters
test causal relationships between items
evaluate scale dimensionality with factor analysis
12
Ryanair tests purpose effects on willingness controlling for seat comfort score. What analysis?
simple regression analysis
factorial ANOVA
partial correlation analysis
ANCOVA
13
The coefficient of determination (R²) indicates:
magnitude of covariance in original units
proportion of shared variance between two variable
difference between means of groups
direction of the relationship
14
Cohen’s kappa is useful to:
measure agreement between categorical ratings
test relationships between continuous variables
assess scale internal consistency
estimate variance explained by items
15
Nagelkerke’s pseudo R² indicates:
distribution of residuals
exact variance explained
relative improvement over null model
coefficient significance
16
Logistic regression uses which link function?
identity link
complementary log-log link
logit link
probit link
17
Which percentile range underlies the 1.5 × IQR rule for outlier detection?
10th–90th
20th–80th
5th–95th
25th–75th
18
“exposure to ads increases brand recall”. Which holds true about this hypothesis?
it is an exploratory hypothesis
it is a directional hypothesis
it is not falsifiable
it implies a one-tailed test
19
Frage 12
Decreasing the significance level (α).
Decreasing the sample size.
Reducing the true effect size in the population.
Increasing the sample size.
20
Ryanair examines effects of travel purpose (biz vs. pleasure) and loyalty tier on willingness. What analysis?
ANCOVA
partial correlation analysis
factorial ANOVA
simple regression analysis
21
Frage 61
Product quality suppresses the effect of service quality
The effect of service quality is independent of product quality
Service quality moderates the effect of product quality
Product quality moderates the effect of service quality
22
Frage 13
The probability of rejecting H₀ when it is true.
Probability of accepting H₀ when expert testimonials are more effective.
Probability of rejecting H₀ when expert testimonials are more effective.
The probability of observing no difference when there truly is none.
23
What information is provided by the adjusted R² coefficient?
The proportion of variance explained, penalized for number of predictors
The unadjusted ratio of SSR to SST
The total variance explained by all predictors
None of the above is correct
24
Pearson’s correlation requires that:
both variables are at least interval‐scale
variables are ordinal ranked
one variable is binary, one continuous
neither variable has outliers
25
“social media usage is associated with consumers’ brand awareness”. Which holds true about this hypothesis?
it is a directional hypothesis
it is an exploratory hypothesis
it implies a one-tailed test
it is not falsifiable
26
A Durbin–Watson statistic CANNOT be used to identify:
heteroscedasticity
model misspecification
non-independence
autocorrelation
27
An airline wants to predict business‐class willingness (0–100) from annual flight count. What analysis?
ANCOVA
partial correlation analysis
simple regression analysis
factorial ANOVA
28
Spearman’s rho is preferred when:
both variables are nominal
data are ordinal or non‐normal
variables are strictly interval
sample size exceeds 1000
29
“brand loyalty correlates negatively with price sensitivity”. Which holds true about this hypothesis?
it is an exploratory hypothesis
it is not falsifiable
it implies a one-tailed test
it is a directional hypothesis
30
Which assumption is not required by logistic regression?
linearity of the logit for continuous predictors
normally distributed residuals
independent observations
no multicollinearity among predictors
31
To predict IG ‘Likes’ from FB ‘Likes’, which analysis is most suitable?
Paired-samples t-test
One-way ANOVA
Simple linear regression
Chi-square test
32
What information is provided by the correlation coefficient (R)?
None of the above is correct
Rank‐order similarity of data
Strength and direction of a linear relationship
Proportion of shared variance
33
Frage 69 (hihi)
A unit decrease in exposures increases the odds of click by 50%
A unit increase in exposures increases the odds of click by 50%
A unit increase in exposures increases the probability of click by 50%
A unit increase in exposures increases the probability of click by 41%
34
Which error rate do post hoc tests in ANOVA primarily control?
familywise Type I error
homogeneity of variance
normality assumption
Type II error
35
Frage 32
Independent samples t-test
One-way ANOVA
Paired-samples t-test
Chi-square test
36
To assess the link between trip length and willingness, controlling for customer sex, use:
factorial ANOVA
partial correlation analysis
simple regression analysis
ANCOVA
37
Frage 29
Chi-square test
One-way ANOVA
Independent samples t-test
Paired-samples t-test
38
Which of the following factors does not affect the power (1–β) of Doris’s hypothesis test?
The label used for the null hypothesis.
The chosen significance level (α).
The true effect size (difference in effectiveness).
The sample size.
39
Which of the following statements about confidence level and significance level is correct?
A confidence level of 99% corresponds to a significance level of α = 0.01
A confidence level of 99% corresponds to a significance level of α = 0.01
Confidenc level of 95% means we allow a 10% chance of making a Type I error
40
A Durbin–Watson statistic CANNOT be used to identify:
heteroscedasticity
model misspecification
autocorrelation
non-independence
41
Frage 10
p = 0.02
p = 0.03
p = 0.009
42
Logistic regression is special in that it can:
estimate group means
estimate odds ratios for predictors
assume normally distributed outcomes
compute pseudo R²
43
Frage 31
Chi-square test
Paired-samples t-test
One-way ANOVA
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
44
Frage 63
Brand familiarity weakens as creativity increases
The effects of creativity and familiarity are independent
Ad creativity overrides the effect of familiarity
Brand familiarity amplifies the effect of ad creativity
45
The same customers rate two ad formats on effectiveness. Which analysis is most suitable?
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Paired-samples t-test
One-way ANOVA
Independent samples t-test
46
What does a p-value of 0.015 mean in a hypothesis test with a 99% confidence level?
There is a 15% chance of making a Type I error
The null hypothesis should be rejected
The null hypothesis should not be rejected
47
Frage 30
One-way ANOVA
Kruskal–Wallis test
Independent samples t-test
Paired-samples t-test
48
When conducting a hypothesis test with a 99% confidence level, when is the null hypothesis correctly maintained?
When the p-value is less than 0.01
When the p-value equals the significance level
When the p-value is greater than 0.01
49
If the FB–IG ‘Likes’ data are non-normal, which test is most appropriate?
Spearman correlation
McNemar test
Kruskal–Wallis test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
50
Frage 62
Perceived risk enhances the effect of price sensitivity
Price sensitivity enhances the effect of perceived risk
The effect of price sensitivity weakens as perceived risk increases
Price sensitivity eliminates the effect of perceived risk
51
A study records each participant’s ad recall score after watching two different ads. Which analysis is most appropriate?
Paired-samples t-test
Independent samples t-test
Chi-square test
One-way ANOVA
52
A plot of residuals against time index CANNOT be used to identify:
multicollinearity
heteroscedasticity
autocorrelation
trends
53
A partial correlation measures the relationship between two variables while:
Controlling for the influence of a third variable
None of the above is correct
Ignoring all other variables
Assessing rank‐order consistency only
54
In regression, SST stands for:
Standard sum of t‐statistics
Statistical significance threshold
Total sum of squared deviations from the mean
None of the above is correct
55
“most people who commit suicide regret doing so”. Which holds true about this hypothesis?
it is a directional hypothesis
it implies a one-tailed test
it is not falsifiable
it is an exploratory hypothesis
56
Which of the following correctly describes a Type II error in the context of hypothesis testing?
Accepting a true alternative hypothesis
Rejecting a true null hypothesis
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
57
Frage 5
There is a 1% chance that a true effect was missed
There is a 1% chance that you falsely detected an effect
You have proven that gender causes brand preference
58
Frage 70
Males have 35% higher odds of recommending than females
Males have 30% higher probability of recommending than females
Females are 35% more likely to recommend than males
Males are 30% more likely to recommend than females
59
To compare brand preference ranks (1–5) between male and female users, which test?
Chi-square test
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Independent samples t-test
Mann–Whitney U test
60
Hypothesis test with a significance level of α = 0.01 and obtain a p-value of 0.009. What is the correct conclusion?
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, since p > α
Reject the null hypothesis; result is statistically significant
Result is inconclusive due to small p-value
61
If the agency tracks ‘Likes’ on FB, IG, and Twitter for each user, which test fits best?
Independent-samples t-test
Repeated-measures ANOVA
Friedman test
One-way ANOVA
62
Which statistic returns to the original unit by taking the square root of variance?
variance
mean
standard deviation
IQR
63
Which measure of variability is calculated as the average of squared deviations?
mean absolute deviation
range
IQR
variance
64
Frage 20
Paired-samples t-test
Independent-samples t-test
Pearson correlation
Chi-square test
65
Which statement about a high R² value is false?
None of the above is correct
It indicates a large proportion of variance explained
It may still hide model overfitting
It always implies a causal relationship
66
To assess the rank-order relationship of FB and IG ‘Likes’, use:
Pearson correlation
Chi-square test
Spearman correlation
Paired-samples t-test
67
A careful examination of Cook’s distance in regression analysis CANNOT be used to identify:
heteroscedasticity
influential observations
outliers
leverage points
68
Frage 68
A unit increase in price increases the odds of purchase by 20%
A unit increase in price decreases the odds of purchase by 18%
A unit increase in price increases the probability of purchase by 18%
A unit decrease in price decreases the odds of purchase by 18%
69
A normal probability plot of residuals CANNOT be used to identify:
heteroscedasticity
skewness
non-normality
kurtosis
70
Which measure of central tendency is most robust to extreme values?
median
mode
variance
mean
71
Frage 1
Reject the null hypothesis, finding a true positive effect
Fail to reject the null hypothesis, making a Type 2 error
Reject the null hypothesis, making a Type 1 error
72
The Tukey HSD test assumes:
homogeneity of variances
unequal variances
only two groups
nonparametric data
73
Item–total correlation is useful to:
compare means across groups
identify items that poorly correlate with the total score
test homogeneity of variances
calculate overall scale variance
74
Frage 11
Increase the observed effect size.
Lower the significance level (α).
Switch from a one-tailed to a two-tailed test.
Increase the sample size.
75
The Scheffé test is most appropriate for comparing:
only pairwise group means
nonparametric rank data
only adjacent group means
any complex contrasts among means
76
Frage 59
Functional messages weaken the effect of emotional messages
Emotional messages weaken the effect of functional messages
Emotional messages eliminate the influence of functional messages
Functional messages eliminate the influence of emotional messages

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