What does Gee & Jackson (2017) identify as a major cultural resistance in sport?

Resistance to diversity and inclusion due to traditional masculinity

What ongoing debate surrounds the haka’s use by the national rugby team?

Issues of cultural appropriation regarding ownership

Why does Bruce (2016) criticize binary thinking such as “pretty vs. powerful” in sports media?

Because modern sportswomen often embody complex, contradictory identities

How is “empowerment” often used in fitness/beauty media?

As a commercial strategy tied to bodily discipline

According to Gee & Jackson (2017), how is sport related to masculinity?

Sport remains a key site where traditional masculinity is celebrated

How do fitness/beauty magazines often frame the female body?

As a project to be managed and perfected

According to Rinehart, ESPN’s X Games represent a site where:

Countercultural sports meet commercial media forces

What do the authors say about virtual and augmented reality in sport?

They could redefine how fans experience live events

What role does the media play in reinforcing gender norms in netball, according to Tagg (2008)?

It portrays male netballers as humorous or unusual

What does Rinehart suggest about the way ESPN packages the X Games?

It co-opts alternative sport culture for mainstream consumption

A key argument in this section is that effective coaching requires:

Responsiveness and interaction with athlete needs and contexts

What is “gender policing” in the context of male netball players in New Zealand?

Mocking men’s sexuality or masculinity for playing a feminine sport

Jones challenges traditional coaching models by emphasizing:

The social and dialogical nature of learning and development

According to Jones, the pedagogical view of coaching acknowledges:

Teaching, learning, and power are inseparable in sport settings

What research method did the authors use?

Space-time analysis using GPS and diary logs

What is the central paradox explored by Duncan and Klos in fitness/beauty magazine discourse?

Encouraging empowerment while reinforcing body control and discipline

Hodge argues that psychological skills, like physical skills, must be:

Learned and consistently practiced

What is corporate nationalism?

National identity used in advertising

What is the central theme of Chapter 10 in Pike’s Aging, Sports, and Society?

How sport participation affects older adults’ wellbeing

Which of the following is an example of resistance in sport discussed by Donnelly?

Athlete activism on racial or social issues

The relationship between athletes and ESPN in the X Games is best described as:

A negotiation between subcultural identity and commercial gain

Donnelly sees popular resistance in sport as:

An important way to challenge dominant ideologies

Sam suggests that for elite sport policy to be truly strategic, it must:

Consider broader social and ethical outcomes beyond just performance

One limitation Magee and Jeans identify is that the HWC:

Struggles to create lasting change without broader policy support

What emotional contradictions are women often faced with, according to Duncan and Klos?

Pride in strength vs. shame over appearance

According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, how is the haka often presented in global media?

Appropriated and decontextualised

How do digital media platforms like Instagram and Twitter impact female athletes, according to Bruce (2016)?

They give female athletes control, challenging traditional media narratives

Donnelly argues that resistance in sport often comes from:

Marginalized or oppressed individuals and groups

According to the article, the Homeless World Cup can positively impact participant

Improving confidence, teamwork, and social connections

According to Hodge, what is the primary goal of Psychological Skills Training (PS

To develop mental skills that enhance athletic performance

According to the authors, wearable technologies will most likely:

Enable real-time data tracking for training and injury prevention

Pike emphasizes that successful aging through sport involves:

Engagement, meaning, and self-worth

Schmidt and Stoneham discuss data analytics in sport as a tool for:

Making more strategic decisions and enhancing performance

What does Donnelly suggest about how resistance in sport is typically received?

It is often co-opted or neutralized by mainstream institutions

According to Walker and Leberman, sport in New Zealand and Australia is structured primarily as:

A three-sector system: public, private, and voluntary

Why is space-time analysis particularly useful in this context?

It maps children’s movements and links them to ad exposure

One major concern raised by Jackson and Sturm is

Simplification of Maori identity

What does Coakley say is necessary for developing a critical sociology of sport?

Challenging dominant assumptions and cultural sensibilities

What does Pike suggest about policies and programs for older athletes?

They must recognize diversity in aging experiences and abilities

Magee and Jeans critique the HWC by arguing that:

Can reinforce individual responsibility while ignoring structural issues

What does Entine (2000) suggest about the role of genetics in sports performance?

Genetics provide an edge but doesn’t replace hard work

According to the study, what is a key health policy implication?

Implement stricter regulations around regulation of unhealthy food ads

According to Pike, sport can benefit older adults by:

Supporting physical health, identity, and social connection

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SPEX101 Exam Revision

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Questions 103

Answers

1
According to Wilson and Millington, ecological modernisation argues sustainability can be achieved through
Withdrawal from global sport
Reducing competition
Profit driven innovation
Anti capitalism
2
What does Gee & Jackson (2017) identify as a major cultural resistance in sport?
Resistance to social media coverage
Resistance to diversity and inclusion due to traditional masculinity
Resistance to commercialization
Resistance to adopting new sports rules
3
What ongoing debate surrounds the haka’s use by the national rugby team?
Issues of cultural appropriation regarding ownership
Whether it should be replaced by another ritual
Whether the haka should be shortened to save time
The haka is universally accepted without controversy
4
Why does Bruce (2016) criticize binary thinking such as “pretty vs. powerful” in sports media?
Because most athletes only fit into one of the categories
Because media only shows women as powerful
Because appearance is irrelevant in sport
Because modern sportswomen often embody complex, contradictory identities
5
How is “empowerment” often used in fitness/beauty media?
As a means of rejecting traditional beauty norms
As a commercial strategy tied to bodily discipline
As a form of athletic training philosophy
As a political call to action
6
Which of the following is not a core component of Psychological Skills Training discussed by Hodge?
Imagery
Motivation
Goal setting
Equipment selection
7
According to Gee & Jackson (2017), how is sport related to masculinity?
Sport promotes alternative masculinities exclusively
Sport is now an inclusive space where masculinity is not emphasized
Sport no longer plays any role in defining masculinity
Sport remains a key site where traditional masculinity is celebrated
8
How do fitness/beauty magazines often frame the female body?
As independent of cultural norms
As a project to be managed and perfected
As a biological constant
As naturally perfect and complete
9
According to Rinehart, ESPN’s X Games represent a site where:
Alternative sports remain pure and untouched
Government policies on sport are enforced
Countercultural sports meet commercial media forces
Only elite athletes can participate
10
What do the authors say about virtual and augmented reality in sport?
They are unlikely to impact athletes
They are being phased out due to safety concerns
They could redefine how fans experience live events
They will mostly affect e-sports, not traditional sports
11
According to Wilson and Millington, sport has the potential to
Avoid political influence
Disconnect people from nature
Influence environmental values
Reinforce eco-passivity
12
What role does the media play in reinforcing gender norms in netball, according to Tagg (2008)?
It portrays male netballers as humorous or unusual
It promotes men’s leagues over women’s
It ignores netball entirely
It treats all netballers equally
13
What does Rinehart suggest about the way ESPN packages the X Games?
It avoids stereotypes and focuses on authenticity
It co-opts alternative sport culture for mainstream consumption
It resists mainstream appeal entirely
It strictly preserves original sport values
14
A key argument in this section is that effective coaching requires:
Responsiveness and interaction with athlete needs and contexts
Absolute authority over the athlete
Minimizing emotional involvement
Sticking strictly to planned drills
15
What is “gender policing” in the context of male netball players in New Zealand?
Promoting gender equality through netball
Mocking men’s sexuality or masculinity for playing a feminine sport
Encouraging men to play all sports equally
Excluding women from netball competitions
16
Jones challenges traditional coaching models by emphasizing:
The separation between athlete and coach
The purely scientific nature of coaching
The need for emotional detachment in coaching
The social and dialogical nature of learning and development
17
According to Jones, the pedagogical view of coaching acknowledges:
Teaching, learning, and power are inseparable in sport settings
Coaching is most effective when standardized
Only elite sport contexts require coaching theory
Coaches should focus only on outcomes
18
What research method did the authors use?
Randomized controlled trial
Focus groups with parents and teachers
Space-time analysis using GPS and diary logs
Ethnographic interviews
19
What is the central paradox explored by Duncan and Klos in fitness/beauty magazine discourse?
Advocating for self-care while rejecting beauty routines
Supporting body positivity while avoiding exercise
Encouraging empowerment while reinforcing body control and discipline
Promoting strength while discouraging competition
20
Hodge argues that psychological skills, like physical skills, must be:
Ignored in early training
Taught reactively during performance issues
Learned and consistently practiced
Left to natural development
21
What is corporate nationalism?
Government controlled branding
National teams owned by corporations
National symbols in foreign brands
National identity used in advertising
22
What is the central theme of Chapter 10 in Pike’s Aging, Sports, and Society?
The rise of youth elite sports programs
The decline of physical activity in childhood
The marketing of sports supplements
How sport participation affects older adults’ wellbeing
23
Which of the following is an example of resistance in sport discussed by Donnelly?
Performance-enhancing drug use
Protests against unfair judging
Boycotts over ticket prices
Athlete activism on racial or social issues
24
The relationship between athletes and ESPN in the X Games is best described as:
Completely disconnected from media influence
A negotiation between subcultural identity and commercial gain
One-sided dominance by the network
Purely resistant to commercialization
25
Donnelly sees popular resistance in sport as:
Rare and generally ineffective
A distraction from athletic performance
An important way to challenge dominant ideologies
An important way to challenge dominant ideologies
26
Sam suggests that for elite sport policy to be truly strategic, it must:
Cut funding for non-Olympic sports
Focus only on medal counts
Be fully privatized
Consider broader social and ethical outcomes beyond just performance
27
One limitation Magee and Jeans identify is that the HWC:
Discourages international participation
Overemphasizes competition and winning
Struggles to create lasting change without broader policy support
Requires participants to have full-time employment
28
What emotional contradictions are women often faced with, according to Duncan and Klos?
Self-expression vs. competitive drive
Confidence vs. ignorance
Joy in rest vs. anger at inactivity
Pride in strength vs. shame over appearance
29
According to Jackson and Sturm, the blending of culture and commerce can
Eliminate stereotypes
Increase cultural authority
Flatten complex identities
Avoid cultural tensions
30
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, how is the haka often presented in global media?
As a sacred ritual
A formal dance competition
Ignored completely
Appropriated and decontextualised
31
How do digital media platforms like Instagram and Twitter impact female athletes, according to Bruce (2016)?
They give female athletes control, challenging traditional media narratives
They reinforce traditional stereotypes of women in sports
They are mostly used for entertainment, not serious sports content
They limit female athletes’ opportunities to express themselves
32
Donnelly argues that resistance in sport often comes from:
Referees and officials
Corporate sponsors
Sports administrators
Marginalized or oppressed individuals and groups
33
According to the article, the Homeless World Cup can positively impact participant
Offering large financial rewards
Guaranteeing long-term housing
Providing free access to professional leagues
Improving confidence, teamwork, and social connections
34
According to Hodge, what is the primary goal of Psychological Skills Training (PS
To improve nutrition habits
To create uniform coaching styles
To develop mental skills that enhance athletic performance
To enhance physical conditioning
35
According to the authors, wearable technologies will most likely:
Enable real-time data tracking for training and injury prevention
Be banned from elite competitions
Be too expensive for mainstream use
Have little effect on sports performance
36
What concept does Jones use to describe the everyday, dynamic nature of coachi
Biomechanical rationality
Pedagogical improvisation
Routinized programming
Instructional hierarchy
37
Pike emphasizes that successful aging through sport involves:
Competing at the highest levels
Avoiding social interaction
Rigorous medical supervision
Engagement, meaning, and self-worth
38
What role does the public sector typically play in sport management?
Managing sports broadcasting
Organizing elite sponsorship deals
Funding and policy development
Running private gyms
39
Schmidt and Stoneham discuss data analytics in sport as a tool for:
Making more strategic decisions and enhancing performance
Reducing the role of fans
Automating refereeing entirely
Replacing human coaching
40
What does Donnelly suggest about how resistance in sport is typically received?
It is often co-opted or neutralized by mainstream institutions
It is ignored by the media entirely
It leads to immediate policy change
It is celebrated and welcomed by all fans
41
According to Walker and Leberman, sport in New Zealand and Australia is structured primarily as:
A three-sector system: public, private, and voluntary
A fully privatized system
A centralised, top-down government model
A commercial entertainment industry
42
According to Wilson and Millington, Green sport campaigns often prioritise
Long term sustainability
Media friendly gestures
Grassroots activism
Meaningful policy change
43
Why is space-time analysis particularly useful in this context?
It helps track food prices
It monitors internet usage trends
It maps children’s movements and links them to ad exposure
It shows how much children eat per day
44
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, Maori visibility through the haka can sometimes
Remove colonial power structures
Empower all indigenous groups
Mask ongoing inequalities
Prevent commercialisation
45
One major concern raised by Jackson and Sturm is
Underrepresentation of athletes
Simplification of Maori identity
Overexposure of global sport
Performance enhancing drugs
46
What does Coakley say is necessary for developing a critical sociology of sport?
Challenging dominant assumptions and cultural sensibilities
Using data only from elite-level sports
Promoting more televised sport events
Accepting the status quo in sport systems
47
What does Pike suggest about policies and programs for older athletes?
They are unnecessary due to natural declines
They should focus only on competitive outcomes
They must recognize diversity in aging experiences and abilities
They should discourage non-traditional forms of exercise
48
Magee and Jeans critique the HWC by arguing that:
It promotes dependence on charity
It is too focused on women’s football
Can reinforce individual responsibility while ignoring structural issues
It fails to attract media attention
49
What does Entine (2000) suggest about the role of genetics in sports performance?
Genetics provide an edge but doesn’t replace hard work
Genetics guarantees athletic success without effort
Environment is more important than genetics
Genetics has no role in sports performance
50
According to the study, what is a key health policy implication?
Subsidize fast food options for low-income families
Introduce a national campaign on cooking skills
Implement stricter regulations around regulation of unhealthy food ads
Increase food advertising to promote healthy habits
51
According to Pike, sport can benefit older adults by:
Reducing access to public health services
Reinforcing stereotypes of decline
Supporting physical health, identity, and social connection
Increasing social isolation
52
Why is PST considered essential in modern sport, according to Hodge?
Because psychological factors often determine success in pressure moments
Because coaches require certification in psychology
Because most athletes are psychologically weak
Because it replaces the need for physical training
53
One issue Pike discusses is that aging athletes are often:
Overrepresented in sports media
More likely to be professional athletes
Marginalized by ageist assumptions
Pressured to retire early
54
According to Entine, which factor significantly contributes to the dominant West African athletes in springting events?
Environmental training conditions
Genetic traits such as fast-twitch muscle fibers
Economic resources
Cultural preferences
55
Jackson and Hokowhitu argue that the haka helps construct
Hybrid identity
Economic profit
Religious unity
Gender equality
56
What is the “Great Sport Myth” according to Coakley?
sport is dangerous and should be restricted
sport is only valuable at the elite level
sport is pure and inherently good, and leads to positive outcomes
sport is naturally political and corrupt
57
Coakley suggests that sport should be studied sociologically to:
Encourage fun and relaxation
Understand how sport reflects and reinforces cultural values
Find the best way to train elite athletes
Promote nationalism
58
According to Tagg (2008), why do male netball players in New Zealand often face ridicule?
Because netball is strongly feminised and men challenge gender norms
Because netball is seen as a difficult sport
Because they lack skill
Because they dominate the sport
59
In New Zealand, how are men who play netball often portrayed, according to Tagg (2008)?
As professional sportsmen with equal media coverage
As humorous novelties or anomalies, reinforcing netball as a women’s sport
As respected athletes breaking gender norms
As role models for masculine sports behavior
60
According to Donnelly, sport can serve as a site for popular resistance because:
Fans typically demand policy changes
It is a highly visible and culturally significant space
It is always controlled by the government
Athletes avoid political involvement
61
According to Sam, one reason governments support targeted elite funding is:
To boost coaching salaries
To promote gender equality
To generate international prestige and national pride
To develop amateur clubs
62
Coakley argues that one major issue with the Great Sport Myth is that it:
prevents critical analysis of sport’s role in society
leads to better mental health outcomes
encourages more public funding for sport
makes sport more inclusive
63
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, what does the haka represent for Maori communities?
Cultural expression and resistance
A performance of colonial power
A commercial product
A rugby only tradition
64
What does the article by Jackson and Hokowhitu (2002) say about the haka’s global exposure?
It has no effect on how haka is perceived
It spreads Maori culture but also opens the haka to cultural appropriation
It limits haka to local New Zealand audiences
It diminishes the haka’s cultural value
65
What is the “taboo” that Entine (2000) discusses in relation to sports genetics?
Ignoring economic influences in sport
Refusing to acknowledge environmental factors
Public and academic reluctance to discuss genetic differences
Avoiding discussions about training methods
66
According to Jackson and Hokowhitu, Sport is viewed in this chapter as
A key site of identity politics
Pure entertainment
A tool of social control
Politically neutral
67
What did the study find about the advertising children were exposed to?
Most ads promoted fruits and vegetables
Advertising exposure was highest during school hours
The majority of exposure was to energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods
Children saw more ads for sports and games than food
68
According to Bruce, what does third-wave feminism allow sportswomen to do that was previously discouraged?
Completely reject femininity and focus on athleticism only
Avoid any media interaction
Separate their identity from their sport entirely
Embrace both strength and traditional femininity in their public image
69
Walker and Leberman emphasize that effective sport management requires:
Reducing volunteer involvement
Coordinating across all sectors and levels of government
Deregulating sport structures
Focusing only on elite performance
70
What does Hodge describe as the “Ideal Performance State”?
The moment before a competition begins
A state of peak physical conditioning
A mental and emotional state where an athlete performs at their best
The time when an athlete receives a reward
71
How has technology influenced the global perception of the haka?
Technology has made the haka less authentic
Technology has reduced interest in the haka
The haka is only known locally and unaffected by technology
Digital media amplifies the haka globally, shaping interpretations
72
Hodge emphasizes that effective PST programs should be:
Generic for all athletes
Individualized and integrated into regular training
Only focused on elite performers
Delivered only during competition
73
Why is the haka considered a site of identity negotiation in New Zealand sport?
It has been rejected by modern teams
It is used to challenge gender norms
It is purely symbolic and has no real meaning
It reflects ongoing tensions between honouring Maori tradition
74
Rinehart uses the term “co-option” to describe:
The process of turning oppositional culture into profitable spectacle
Media preserving cultural authenticity
Athletes rejecting sponsorship
Fans organizing grassroots events
75
What is the primary aim of the Homeless World Cup (HWC) as described by Magee and Jeans?
To promote elite-level football
To create commercial opportunities for sponsors
To scout professional football talent
To use football as a tool for social inclusion and personal transformation
76
What limitation does Bruce (2016) note about empowerment in sports media representation?
Mainly empowers young, white, hetero, able athletes
It prevents athletes from expressing femininity
It completely removes all stereotypes for female athletes
It is equally experienced by all sportswomen regardless of background
77
How does Entine (2000) describe the scientific community’s hesitation in discussing genetics and race in sports?
Because appearance is irrelevant in sport
Because most athletes only fit into one of the categories
Because modern sportswomen often embody complex, contradictory identities
78
The authors argue that for sport interventions like the HWC to be truly effective, they must:
Eliminate all forms of sponsorship
Use sport purely as entertainment
Be embedded in wider social support systems and address inequalities
Focus solely on physical training
79
What is one of the main arguments made by Schmidt and Stoneham about future sports technologies?
Sports technology mainly benefits recreational users
All technological changes will be resisted by governing bodies
Technology will replace athletes entirely
Emerging technologies will reshape how sport is understood
80
According to Bruce (2016), what is a key feature of third-wave feminism in sports media representation?
Encouraging women athletes to avoid all media presence
Allowing sportswomen to include self expression and personal branding
Rejecting femininity entirely in favor of athleticism
Emphasise only athletic achievements, ignore appearance or relationships
81
One key feature of the Ideal Performance State is:
External distractions
Total focus and confidence
Aggressive behaviour
Emotional detachment
82
What warning does Entine (2000) give about interpreting genetic data in sport?
That it proves athletic ability is 100% genetic
That it should replace environmental explanations entirely
That it can lead to overgeneralizations and deterministic conclusions
That it has no practical applications
83
One concern raised in the chapter about technology in sport is:
Decline in fan attendance
Over-commercialization and erosion of traditional values
Lack of content on social media
Too much focus on aesthetics
84
Hodge notes that psychological strategies like imagery and self-talk:
Help athletes enter and maintain their ideal state
Have limited effect in competition
Are only useful for beginner athletes
Should replace physical training
85
What narrative is linked to the “crisis of masculinity” in sport, as described by Gee & Jackson (2017)?
Societal shifts that challenge traditional masculinity
Complete elimination of male sports
A celebration of traditional male dominance without challenge
The crisis only exists in women’s sports
86
Which of the following can disrupt the Ideal Performance State?
Excessive negative thoughts and over-arousal
Positive self-talk
Clear goals
Calm breathing
87
What is a key critique Sam raises about targeted funding models?
They often ignore scientific training
They can concentrate resources on some sports and athletes
They are primarily used for recreational sport
They always prioritize youth development
88
What concern arises from institutionalizing the haka within New Zealand rugby?
That it may be banned for being too aggressive
That it will overshadow the sport Because they dominate the sport
That it will promote Māori culture too strongly
That it may lose cultural meaning and be seen as performative
89
According to Coakley, believing in the Great Sport Myth can result in:
Increased competition at youth levels
Unquestioned support for harmful sport institutions
more science-based coaching strategies
Over-regulation of athletic competition
90
What was the primary aim of Liu, Barr, and Pearson’s study?
To analyze how often children eat fast food
To measure children’s exposure to unhealthy food advertising
To test new food labelling policies
To evaluate advertising profits for food companies
91
According to Wilson and Millington, what does the treadmill of production mean?
Recycled production cycles
Economic growth that causes an environmental harm
A workout culture trend
Player fatigue in training
92
What role does the All Blacks’ haka play in New Zealand society, according to Jackson and Hokowhitu (2002)?
A controversial symbol rejected by most New Zealanders
A performance unrelated to national identity
A cultural symbol representing Maori heritage
A simple pre-game ritual with no cultural significance
93
What is a major tension highlighted in Rinehart’s analysis?
The legal risks of extreme sports
The rivalry between traditional and modern sports
The clash between sport safety and performance
The conflict between cultural resistance and media commodification
94
According to Jackson and Sturm, the All Blacks brand uses Maori culture to
Preserve sacred traditions
Strengthen global profits and pride
Resist commercialisation
Entertain players
95
A key feature of sport governance in both countries is:
Direct management by international sporting federations
No formal structure or governance
A single national authority controlling all sport
A complex mix of local, regional, and national bodies
96
What risk does Sam associate with outcome-based funding systems?
Pressure on athletes and federations to prioritise medals over ethics
Inefficient facilities
Overreliance on youth academies
Reduced competition levels
97
What persistent issue with women’s representation in traditional sports media does Bruce (2016) highlight?
Women athletes are often infantilised and frames through their appearance
Women athletes receive more sponsorship than male athletes
Women are overrepresented compared to men
Women’s athletic performance is the sole focus
98
According to Jackson and Sturm, which stereotype is often reinforced in All Blacks branding
Wiser elder
Passive protestor
Spiritual guardian
Warrior masculinity
99
Which sector is described as the backbone of community sport delivery?
Voluntary (non-profit) sector
Educational institutions
Public government sector
Private corporate sector
100
According to Jones, coaching should primarily be viewed as:
A technical performance science
A results-driven management process
A pedagogical and relational practice
A standardized training method
101
According to Wilson and Millington, what’s a major critique of ecological modernisation?
It focuses too much on athletes
It challenges corporate power
It avoids deep structural change
It requires state socialism
102
What do Duncan and Klos argue about the broader cultural impact of these magazines?
They focus mainly on male readers’ perspectives
They reproduce gendered ideals of control, shame, and bodily perfection
They support diverse representations of bodies
They reduce interest in sports
103
What is the main focus of Sam’s chapter?
The effects of private sponsorship on school sports
The rationale and impact of targeted elite sport funding
The history of Olympic rule changes
The health benefits of grassroots sports

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