1.6

Agriculture became more efficient at end of Middle Ages. The __ in which crops were rotated through ___ came into use

European army conquered Jerusalem in July 1099. However Muslims under Saladin regained control of Jerusalem in 1187.

A second field was planted with legumes(peas, lentils, or beans) These made soil more fertile by adding nitrogen to it.

led to an increase in disease and an increase in unemployment. These, in turn, created social unrest.

Christians sought to reclaim control of Holy Land:Palestine in Middle East that is significance to Jew & Muslims too

Like the Roman Empire it had an extensive hierarchy of regional leaders called bishops who owed allegiance to pope

___ had conquered Spain in the 8th century. From that time, ___ had wanted to reconquer (reconquista-completed in 1492)

remained vibrant until it was virtually destroyed during the Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648

provided economic self-suffciency and defense.

Social&economic pressures to invade Middle East. Rules of __:eldest son got everything-left younger sons with nothing

Lower temperatures reduced agricultural productivity, so people had less to trade and cities grew more slowly.

Although some clergy withdrew to __ to meditate&pray, they remained part of the economies of Western Europe.

Women were permitted to become nuns and exerted their influence in the .

The core of ___ was a system of mutual obligations:

had the same economic functions of agriculture and protection as other manors.

held great power in the feudal system. If a lord displeased it, it could pressure the lord in various ways.

This middle class, between the elite nobles and clergy and the mass of peasants, began to grow: known as the

Won right to be consulted on issue of scutage: tax paid on knight who wanted to pay instead of provide military service

With renewed commerce came larger cities. The change to the three-feld system and other advances in agriculture led to

dispute was over whether a secular/non-religious leader instead of pope could invest bishops with the symbols of office.

The German king Otto I was crowned __ Emperor in 962 hearkening back to Charlemagne’s designation as Emperor of Romans.

Eventually, the power of these two legislative bodies in England became stronger than similar bodies on in Europe

Since the entire system was based on agriculture, wealth was measured in ___ rather than in cash.

bureaucracy advise king that included representatives from each of the three legal classes: clergy, nobility, commoners

On each side, serving under monarch fostered sense of unity among soldiers who spoke distinct languages or dialects.

Lords then provided land to __. In return, __ became vassals of the lord, and pledged to fight for the lord or king.

established 1st universities in Europe; led in education, philosophy, writers etc because most were religious leaders

never made it to the Holy Land. Eventually, Islamic forces prevailed in the Levant.

Large fiefs or estates

incorporated an unwritten set of rules for conduct focusing on honor, courtesy, and bravery as a way to resolve dispute

Wealth&political power led to corruption during 13th&14th centuries. Led to corruption & theological disagreement

The first __was formed in 1265. These developments increased rights of nobility, but not of general population

In return, a lord became a king’s ___, a person who owed service to another person of higher status.

__ lived in urban areas, and they served as a bridge between Christians and the ___ whose goods they desired in trade

in Europe gradually gave way to an interest in goods from other European areas and from far-fung ports.

A third field was allowed to remain fallow, or unused, each year.

Christians not allowed to charge interest on other Christians so many moneylenders

continued to dominate most of Europe for 5 centuries, while Orthodox Church was powerful farther east(Greece to Russia)

was the most powerful institution in a Europe divided into hundreds of small political states.

organized feudal system with royal sheriffs as administrative officials. Fusion of Normans&Anglo-Saxons created modern

A ___, usually a king, granted tracts of land, called ___, to lords.

rights eroded as a wave of patriarchal thinking&writing accompanied movement from an agricultural society to urban

All artists worked for it & focused on religious themes:provided images to help illiterate serfs understand Bible

Venice, a wealthy city-state in Italy, had a contract to transport Crusaders to Middle East:an area known as the Levant

Heavier plows with wheels worked well in dense soil north of Alps, while lighter plows worked better in southern Europe.

lands these __ collected under their control particularly in England&France were beginning to look like modern countries

marked another step towards people identifying themselves as “English” or “French” rather than from a particular region.

Economic success started to rival religious vocation or military service in winning status.

expelled from western Europe because they not trusted and Christianity became a more and more dominating force

Often were only people in community who knew how to read&write. If people needed something written/read they asked

Between 1337 and 1453, the rival monarchies of England and France fought a series of battles known as

Many English nobles objected to power of William & succeeding monarchs. These nobles forced limits on that power.

In 1054, the Christian Church in Europe divided into two branches, a split called the

As the ___ for more labor on the manors increased, the __ decreased.

first __ meeting in 1265: House of Lords represented nobles&Church hierarchy & House of Commons: elected representatives

In the later Middle Ages, ___ grew more powerful at the expense 0f feudal lords by employing their own ___.

were descendents of Vikings who settled in northwestern France, a region known as Normandy.

In addition to conquering England, the Normans also conquered Sicily, taking control of that Mediterranean island from

A local bishop might cancel religious services for serfs which angered them & demand that the lord give in to bishop

However, by the end of the conflict, the English retained only the port of Calais in France.

It was fnally resolved in the Concordat of Worms of 1122, when the Church achieved autonomy from secular authorities.

moved to Northern Europe and were welcomed in places like Amsterdam because of their experience in business and trade

killed one-third of population=demand for labor&gave serfs more bargaining power with lords

led to an increase in disease and an increase in unemployment. These, in turn, created social unrest.

included shopkeepers, merchants, craftspeople, and small landholders.

an Italian native from Venice visited the court of Kublai Khan(Beijing). His captivating descriptions increased a

promote cultural exchange between Europe&Middle East. Middle East higher standard of living increased demand for goods

Although clergy took vows of poverty&supported charities in communities they also wielded political & economic power

Many ___ spent their entire lives on a single __, little aware of events in the rest of Europe.

Lacked strong government:people needed __ from bandits, rival lords & invaders such as the Vikings from northern Europe

a series of European military campaigns in the Middle East between 1095 and the 1200s.

Although kings consulted this when necessary, they didn't exact regular taxes from upper two (clergy&nobility)

Remained but with little power. It came to formal end when Napoleon Bonaparte invaded central Europe in 1806

granted relief from required acts of atonement&penance&even promised people they would reach heaven sooner if joined

They included the homes of peasants known as ___.

In exchange for protection provided by lord of the__, they paid tribute in form of crops, labor or in rare cases coins

had greater opportunities to display their skills in administration and leadership was in religious orders.

In 1066, William the Conqueror, successfully invaded __. This gave him kingdoms on both sides of the English Channel.

European civilization in the Middle Ages was a ____ based on a system of exchanges of land for loyalty known as

provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who served a lord.

merchants desired unfettered access to trade routes through the Middle East.

In 1215, they forced King John to sign __, which required king to respect certain rights, such as right to a jury trial

__ were to be protected, the __ put them on pedestal while not giving them significant additional importance; no rights

produced everything that people living on it required, limiting the need for trade or contact with outsiders.

while not enslaved, were tied to the land. Couldn't travel without permission or marry without their lord’s approval.

Venice was not paid all of what was due so they persuaded them to sack Zara&Constantinople (competitors)

Lords also provided land&protection to __. In return, __ were obligated to farm the lord’s land and provide crops

As both climate and technology slowly improved, the amount of ___ land gradually increased.

had little power. Clergy&nobility felt little responsibility to protect a government that they were not financing

Most manors had this on the grounds. It provided people a shared identity even as vernacular began to be shared

encouraged the growth of towns and of markets that could operate more frequently than just on holidays.

One field was planted with wheat or rye, crops that provided food.

obligated to farm the lord’s land and provide the lord with crops and livestock, and to obey the lord’s orders.

included windmills and new types of plows & these changes promoted

a problem that only continued to increase in France up to the eve of the French Revolution of 1789.

also demonstrated the spreading use of __ weapons. __ had been invented by the Chinese and spread west by Mongols.

Alarmed by persecution of Christian pilgrims by Seljuk Turks Orthodox patriarch urged Pope Urban II to retake Holy Land

English archers armed with longbows about six feet long helped win several early victories.

skyrocketed, stimulating interest in cartography, or mapmaking.

grounds were small villages that often included a church, a blacksmith shop, a mill, and wine presses.