Negative reinforcement involves...

the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

Anhedonia is when a person...

has difficulty experiencing pleasure

Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...

a variety of environmental factors

blocks the action of neurotransmitters

The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..

the personal qualities of the residents

You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which

demonstrates an illusory correlation

A valid test is one that...

measures what it is supposed to measure

how alternatives in a decision problem are presented

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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review

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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.

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Questions 150

Answers

1
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
insight learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
latent learning
2
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
3
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
4
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
5
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
marital problems
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
6
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
mental age
a percentile score
IQ
7
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
fast-mapping
semantic slanting
8
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
cognitive
psychoanalytic
behavioral
9
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
10
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
computerized tomography
electrographic tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
positron emission tomography
11
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
changes in testing procedures
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
12
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
hallucinations
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
13
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
hallucinations
delusions
illusions
obsessions
14
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
abstract operations
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
15
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
16
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
variable-interval schedule
17
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
punishment
operant conditioning
observational learning
18
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous wakefulness
19
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
20
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
decibels
pitch
loudness
21
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
22
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
genital
oral
anal
23
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
24
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
25
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
cyclical
dissociative
unipolar
bipolar
26
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test scores
test levels
27
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
parietal lobe
thalamus
corpus callosum
pineal gland
28
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
psychological tests
physiological recordings
questionnaires
29
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not really been asleep
a headache
been dreaming
not been dreaming
30
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
31
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
32
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a heuristic observation
a contravened stereotype
33
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
frustration
conflict
pressure
change
34
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
measures what it is supposed to measure
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
35
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
phonemic
platonic
mnemonic
36
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
stereotaxic inversion
ESB
lesioning
37
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
sadness
happiness
fear
surprise
38
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
loud noise
fear reaction
rabbit
39
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
40
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the autonomic nervous system
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
41
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
personality
anxiety
42
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
functionalism
neodynamism
43
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
44
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
45
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
an internal attribution
46
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
conditioned forgetting
extinction
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
47
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
displacement
fixation
compensation
48
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
the conscious
the unconscious
49
Framing refers to...
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
presenting only part of the information required
50
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
thalamus
cortex
spinal cord
location of injury
51
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
dyadic encoding
attention encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
52
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
industry vs. inferiority
initiative vs. guilt
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
53
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
tone
food/meat powder
54
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
delta
beta
alpha
55
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
observational learning
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
state-dependent learning
56
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
57
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
58
The superego is Freud's term for...
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
59
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
60
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
61
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a just noticeable difference
a superimposed stimulus
a false alarm
subliminal perception
62
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
63
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
cultural direction
schematizing
64
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a sedative
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a narcotic
65
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
66
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
67
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
limbic system
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
endocrine system
68
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
classical conditioning
observational learning
superstitious behavior
positive reinforcement
69
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
predictive validity
content validity
70
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
perception
sensation
hypnosis
consciousness
71
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
conservation
centration
reversibility
egocentrism
72
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
brainstem
limbic system
73
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
intelligence; standardized
74
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Broca's area
75
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
76
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
77
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
halo effect in aggression
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
78
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
complete storage failure
79
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
REM
stage 4
stage 2
stage 1
80
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
mean
median
midpoint
81
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
medulla
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
82
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
thalamus
thyroid
gonads
pituitary
83
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
personality
behavioral quality
temperament
attachment
84
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
medulla
85
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
86
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
87
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
concrete
preconventional
postconventional
conventional
88
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
conformity
obedience
89
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
90
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
behavior
the unconscious
conscious experience
91
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
means
percentiles
92
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
93
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
94
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
low in openness
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
95
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
96
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring dissent from group members
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
97
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
fear the dark
print letters
tie shoe laces
sing a song
98
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
smell buds
sciatic receptors
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
99
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
introspection
intelligence
100
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
escape learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
101
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
repression
avoidance
102
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
classical conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
operant conditioning
103
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
104
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
i wanted a cookie
105
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
representativeness heuristic
106
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
marijuana
107
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
108
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
spatial
musical
109
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
oval window
cochlea
temporal lobe
stirrup
110
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
111
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
action potentials
agonists
neurotransmitters
antagonists
112
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
activation-synthesis theory
wish fulfillment theory
None of the Above
problem-solving theory
113
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
physiological instability
physiological stability
psychological stability
114
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a projective test
a behavior rating
115
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
saturation
brightness
color
light purity
116
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
sensation
processing
perception
attention
117
A perceptual set implies that...
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
118
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
morphemes
119
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
120
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
selection
shaping
stimulus discrimination
121
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
script
schema
chunk
122
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
insomnia
sleep apnea
123
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
individualism
functionalism
collectivism
124
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
cannabis
sedatives
alcohol
125
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
the absolute refractory period
126
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
parental investments
social scripts
display rules
investment differentiations
127
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
prejudices
attributions
stereotypes
128
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
sequential
cross-sectional
time of testing
129
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
fluid
crystallized
episodic
procedural
130
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
131
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
flashbulb memories
132
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
strange situation
133
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
short-term
sensory
intermediate-term
134
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recall
reiteration
recognition
relearning
135
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
136
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
lens
vitreous humor
137
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
138
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
139
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
predictability
accuracy of inference
representativeness
140
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Wilhelm Wundt
141
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
intelligence
insight
reasoning
creativity
142
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
closure
similiarity
symmetry
constancy
143
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
serotonin
acetylcholine
endorphin
dopamine
144
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
145
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
criterion-related
content
absolute
construct
146
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender stereotypes
gender roles
gender behaviors
gender differences
147
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
tree-bird
car-nose
fill-feed
148
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
social charm
excessive guilt
manipulative behavior
aggressiveness
149
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
retrieved
encoded
modeled
ablated
150
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue

AP Psychology - AP Exam Review Flashcards | StudBud