Unit 6, 7, 8, 9 review

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can affect decisions and judgements

period early in life when exposure to certain stimuli/experiences produces normal development

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

view that psychology should be an objective science and only reference observable behaviors

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

classical conditioning - stimulus that elicits NO response before conditioning

an inability to form new memories

branch of psychology studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

processing of observing and imitating a specific behavior

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

learning where BX is strenghted if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by punisher

chemicals,viruses that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing

clinging to one's initial conceptions after basis on which they're formed has been discredited

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as time, and of well-learned information

basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our bodily response to emotional info

physical and emotional response to a challenging situation

pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

increase in cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation, basis for learning & memory

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

attemp to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor

term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

the processing of information into the memory system

self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression, located in the temporal lobe

for some, period from late teens to mid-20s bridging gap b/t adolescent dependence & adulthood

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli last no more than a few tenths of a second

unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

fear of strangers that infants commonly display. beginning around 8 months of age

the process of appraising and responding to a threatening or challenging event

tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state, regulation of body chemistry

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with a US comes to trigger a CR

the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that do not signal a US

to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

theory that we learn social behavior by observing, imitating and by being rewarded or punished

positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, physiological needs first, safety needs, psychological needs

procedure in which reinforcers guide BX toward closer approximations of the desired BX

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

any stimulus that when PRESENTED after a response strengthens the response

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, uninfluenced by experience

hopelessness, passive resignation animal/human learns when unable to avoid repeat averse events

an area of the frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term memory retention

Erikson's theory, sense the world is predictable, trustworthy said to be formed during infancy

the sense of being male or female

perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate

complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the questions, "Who am I?"

under stress, people (especially women) provide support to others,bond/seek support from others

inability to retrieve information from one's past

three-phase process of the body's adaptive response to stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)

principle that performance increases w/arousal up to a point,beyond which performance decreases

the process of retaining encoded information over time

physiological need creates aroused tension state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

the process of getting information out of memory storage

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

frontal lobes neurons scientists believe fire when perform certain actions or observing others

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

impairment of language, caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca or Wernicke's area

simple thinking strategy that allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently

body response & emotion experience at the same time, my heart is pounding as I experience fear

learning by observing others, also called social learning

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating