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Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
Duplicate of AP Psychology - AP Exam Review
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1
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
2
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
lesioning
tumor ligation
ESB
stereotaxic inversion
3
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
limbic system
brainstem
reticular formation
cerebellum
4
The superego is Freud's term for...
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
5
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
change
conflict
frustration
pressure
6
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
punishment
classical conditioning
observational learning
7
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
8
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
state-dependent learning
observational learning
9
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
tone
food/meat powder
salivation
light
10
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
alcohol
sedatives
cannabis
11
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
12
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
linguistic heuristics
syntax
13
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
anterograde amnesia
retroactive interference
14
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
15
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
fast-mapping
overextension
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
16
Negative reinforcement involves...
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
17
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a false alarm
subliminal perception
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
18
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
social charm
19
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
20
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
21
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were put into a simulated prison
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
22
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
23
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
selection
24
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become fearful/cautious
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
remain in continuous sleep
25
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time awake
amount of time alseep
cultural practices
exposure to light
26
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
positron emission tomography
electrographic tomography
27
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
latency
anal
oral
genital
28
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
cookie
I eated a cookie
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
29
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
construct
absolute
content
criterion-related
30
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Broca's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
31
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
just noticeable difference
sensory memory
32
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
agonists
33
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
34
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
introspection
intelligence
35
According to the medical model...
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
36
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
beta
alpha
delta
gamma
37
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
38
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
39
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
40
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 4
stage 2
REM
41
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
gender roles
42
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
psychoanalytic
cognitive
43
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
an external attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
44
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
timbre
pitch
loudness
decibels
45
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
mescaline
marijuana
heroin
46
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
47
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
perception
attention
processing
sensation
48
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
mode
median
mean
49
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not been dreaming
not really been asleep
a headache
50
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
51
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
G. Stanley Hall
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
52
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
formal operations
development of secondary sex characteristics
post-conventional moral reasoning
53
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
happiness
fear
surprise
sadness
54
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
the endocrine system
memory
the autonomic nervous system
55
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
56
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
marital problems
bipolar disorder
57
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
opiates
prenatals
teratogens
pathogens
58
A perceptual set implies that...
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
people often see what they expect to see
59
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
logical reasoning
abstract operations
physical interaction
systematic hypothesis testing
60
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
attention encoding
61
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
incentive theory
instinct theory
drive theory
62
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
standardized validity
criterion-related validity
content validity
predictive validity
63
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
transduction capacity
the relative threshold period
64
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
latent learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
insight learning
65
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a continuous reinforcement schedule
66
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
reiteration
recognition
recall
67
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
68
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
retrieved
modeled
ablated
69
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he's just like his father
70
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
insomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
71
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
offense mechanisms
id mechanisms
defense mechanisms
coping mechanisms
72
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
stereotypes
cultural direction
cognitive structuring
schematizing
73
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
location of injury
thalamus
cortex
74
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
attributionism
collectivism
individualism
functionalism
75
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
poor police protection
job discrimination experienced by the residents
76
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
unconditioning
extinction
conditioned forgetting
77
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
the reciprocity norm
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the law of cognitive dissonance
78
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
medulla
hypothalamus
79
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test levels
test norms
test scores
test scales
80
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a behavior rating
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
81
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-to-top processing
top-down processing
bottom-up processing
lateral processing
82
Framing refers to...
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting only part of the information required
presenting irrelevant information
83
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
semantic network
script
schema
chunk
84
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
repression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
suppression
85
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
86
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
crystallized
fluid
episodic
procedural
87
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
episodic memories
88
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
shared inhibition
89
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
90
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
platonic
phonemic
mnemonic
91
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
deindividuation
conformity
social loafing
group polarization
92
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
longitundinal
cross-sectional
sequential
time of testing
93
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
dopamine
acetylcholine
serotonin
94
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
sciatic receptors
smell buds
gustatory bulbs
olfactory cilia
95
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial storage
complete retrieval failure
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
96
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
bipolar disorder
fugue
conversion disorder
panic disorder
97
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
mechanical
musical
logical-mathemathical
98
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a social psychologist
99
Homeostasis is a state of...
physiological instability
psychological stability
psychological instability
physiological stability
100
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
conjunction heuristic
101
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
hypothalamus
cerebral cortex
corpus callosum
medulla
102
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the brain
conscious experience
the unconscious
behavior
103
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
a personality test
104
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
color
light purity
saturation
105
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
closure
symmetry
similiarity
106
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
observational learning
reinforcement
classical conditioning
107
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
groupthink
conformity
cognitive dissonance
obedience
108
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
standard deviation
109
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
110
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
prejudices
stereotypes
attributions
111
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
behavior is to motive
attitude is to action
feeling is to thinking
thought is to perception
112
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
cornea
iris
lens
vitreous humor
113
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
bipolar
unipolar
cyclical
114
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
mood
anxiety
personality
schizophrenic
115
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a hallucinogen
an amphetamine
a sedative
a narcotic
116
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
compensation
regression
fixation
displacement
117
What is somnambulism?
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-talking
118
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
tie shoe laces
fear the dark
sing a song
119
An antagonist...
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
120
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
variable-ratio schedule
121
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
thalamus
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
122
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the control group
the observational group
123
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a contravened stereotype
a self-serving attribution
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a heuristic observation
124
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
125
The function of sensory memory is to...
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
126
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
the conscious
the unconscious
maladaptive behaviors
irrational thoughts
127
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
reversibility
egocentrism
128
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
temperament
attachment
behavioral quality
personality
129
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
positive reinforcement
escape learning
130
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
pituitary
thyroid
thalamus
131
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
132
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
133
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a phobia
a delusion
an obsession
a compulsion
134
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
predictability
representativeness
accuracy of inference
consistency
135
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
cochlea
136
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
low in extraversion
high in agreeableness
low in openness
high in neuroticism
137
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
perception
138
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
139
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
neodynamism
functionalism
140
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
concrete
postconventional
conventional
