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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review (Borrowed!)
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review (Borrowed!)
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
Flashcards
150 cards
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Questions
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Answers
1
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cognitive structuring
schematizing
cultural direction
stereotypes
2
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
observational learning
classical conditioning
reinforcement
operant conditioning
3
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
procedural
episodic
fluid
crystallized
4
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
perception
5
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
6
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Sperry's area
Broca's area
Cannon's area
Wernicke's area
7
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
insight
creativity
intelligence
reasoning
8
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
tumor ligation
ESB
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
9
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
light purity
saturation
color
brightness
10
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
i wanted a cookie
give cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
11
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
iris
cornea
lens
12
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he always gets in fights
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
he's just like his father
13
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
behavioral quality
attachment
temperament
personality
14
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
marital problems
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
15
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
cochlea
stirrup
oval window
temporal lobe
16
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rat
fear reaction
rabbit
loud noise
17
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
tone
light
food/meat powder
18
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
mental age
IQ
a potential score
a percentile score
19
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
partial retrieval
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
20
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
efferent nerves
afferent nerves
autonomic nerves
sympathetic nerves
21
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
groupthink
conformity
obedience
22
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
G. Stanley Hall
William James
Rene Decartes
23
What is cognitive dissonance?
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
24
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
means
standard deviation
correlation coefficients
percentiles
25
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
demonstrates an illusory correlation
26
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
feeling is to thinking
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
behavior is to motive
27
A valid test is one that...
is consistent
has been standardized but not normed
is reliable
measures what it is supposed to measure
28
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
remain in continuous sleep
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
29
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
dissociative
bipolar
cyclical
unipolar
30
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
the principle of collectivism
31
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
standardized validity
predictive validity
content validity
32
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
secure-avoidant
strange situation
attachment probing
33
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
medulla
occipital cortex
prefrontal cortex
hypothalamus
34
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
positive reinforcement
superstitious behavior
observational learning
classical conditioning
35
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
latency
genital
oral
36
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
agonists
antagonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
37
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
dyadic encoding
the semantic level of encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
38
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
boat-goat
fill-feed
car-nose
tree-bird
39
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
censoring dissent from group members
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
40
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
recognition
relearning
recall
reiteration
41
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
prejudices
self-serving bias
attributions
stereotypes
42
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
sedatives
alcohol
cannabis
43
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
sleep apnea
insomnia
narcolepsy
pseudoinsomnia
44
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
a personality test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
an achievement test
45
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
initiative vs. guilt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
46
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
investment differentiations
parental investments
display rules
47
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
overextension
fast-mapping
metalinguistic awareness
semantic slanting
48
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
sing a song
fear the dark
tie shoe laces
print letters
49
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the control group
the correlational group
the observational group
50
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
physical interaction
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
abstract operations
51
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
obsessions
52
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
panic disorder
conversion disorder
fugue
bipolar disorder
53
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
a variety of environmental factors
genetic influences on IQ
group differences in basic intelligence
changes in testing procedures
54
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; standardized
personality; standardized
intelligence; personality
55
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
classical conditioning
observational learning
operant conditioning
punishment
56
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
irrational thoughts
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
the unconscious
57
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
hold information for a lifetime
put information into long-term memory
58
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
mnemonic
platonic
morphemic
phonemic
59
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
not been dreaming
been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
60
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
61
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the absolute refractory period
transduction incapacity
the relative threshold period
transduction capacity
62
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
the endocrine system
memory
feeding
the autonomic nervous system
63
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
egocentrism
reversibility
64
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
collectivism
functionalism
individualism
attributionism
65
An antagonist...
extends the absolute refractory period
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
66
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
similiarity
closure
symmetry
67
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
crowded living conditions
the personal qualities of the residents
68
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
69
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
attention
perception
processing
sensation
70
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in agreeableness
high in neuroticism
low in extraversion
low in openness
71
A perceptual set implies that...
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
people often see what they expect to see
72
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
group polarization
conformity
deindividuation
social loafing
73
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
ablated
encoded
retrieved
modeled
74
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
reduction of inhibitions
total loss of personal control
hallucinations
resistance to pain
75
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
cortex
location of injury
spinal cord
thalamus
76
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
were put into a simulated prison
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
77
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a compulsion
a phobia
an obsession
78
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
beta
alpha
delta
79
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
smelling an odor
moving a part of his body
hearing a sound
80
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 2
stage 4
REM
stage 1
81
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
excessive guilt
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
social charm
82
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
corpus callosum
parietal lobe
thalamus
83
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-ratio schedule
variable-interval schedule
fixed-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
84
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender differences
gender roles
gender stereotypes
gender behaviors
85
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
endorphin
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine
86
The superego is Freud's term for...
the moral component of personality
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the biological impulses that drive behavior
87
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
anterograde amnesia
retrograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
88
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
89
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
wish fulfillment theory
problem-solving theory
None of the Above
activation-synthesis theory
90
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
personality
schizophrenic
mood
anxiety
91
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
behavior
conscious experience
the unconscious
the brain
92
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the cephalocaudal trend
the proximodistal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
93
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
halo effect in aggression
basis for performing pro-social behavior
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
94
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
95
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
availability heuristic
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
96
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
frustration
change
97
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
98
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
observational learning
state-dependent learning
99
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
cultural practices
exposure to light
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
100
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
101
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
psychotherapy
avoidance therapy
aversion therapy
102
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
musical
mechanical
spatial
logical-mathemathical
103
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
happiness
surprise
sadness
104
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
sensory memories
flashbulb memories
non-declarative memories
episodic memories
105
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
decibels
loudness
timbre
pitch
106
What is somnambulism?
difficulty breathing when asleep
sleep-walking
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
107
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
shaping
selection
stimulus discrimination
step-wise conditioning
108
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
109
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
regression
compensation
displacement
fixation
110
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
thyroid gland
pancreas
pituitary gland
sebaceous gland
111
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
incentive theory
instinct theory
drive theory
evolutionary theory
112
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
script
semantic network
chunk
schema
113
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
criterion-related
construct
content
114
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
115
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
psychoanalysis
neodynamism
behaviorism
functionalism
116
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
teratogens
opiates
prenatals
pathogens
117
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
118
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
avoidance
neurogenic amnesia
repression
119
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
stimulus discrimination
conditioned emotional reactions
spontaneous recovery
stimulus generalization
120
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
the gambler's fallacy
121
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
morphemes
phonemes
syntax
linguistic heuristics
122
Anhedonia is when a person...
has trouble getting along with people
experiences mild manic states
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
123
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
midpoint
median
mode
mean
124
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
absolute threshold
just noticeable difference
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
125
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
questionnaires
direct observation
psychological tests
physiological recordings
126
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
preconventional
conventional
concrete
postconventional
127
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
a narcotic
a sedative
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
128
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
consistency
accuracy of inference
representativeness
predictability
129
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
corpus callosum
130
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
coping mechanisms
id mechanisms
offense mechanisms
defense mechanisms
131
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
development of secondary sex characteristics
132
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
an external attribution
an internal attribution
a situational attribution
a distinctive attribution
133
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
marijuana
mescaline
cocaine
heroin
134
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
sequential
longitundinal
cross-sectional
time of testing
135
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
use the elimination by aspects strategy
136
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
cerebellum
brainstem
limbic system
reticular formation
137
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a self-report inventory
a behavior rating
138
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
mentalism
introspection
intelligence
139
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
leftbrain/right brain communication
reticular formation
limbic system
endocrine system
140
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
sensory
intermediate-term
long-term
short-term
141
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
electrographic tomography
positron emission tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
computerized tomography
142
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
unrealistic demands from family/friends
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
143
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
behavioral
cognitive
psychoanalytic
144
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
145
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test norms
test scales
test levels
test scores
146
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
thalamus
pituitary
thyroid
147
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
before autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
148
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
olfactory cilia
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
smell buds
149
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
an unconditioned response
avoidance learning
escape learning
150
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
spontaneous remission
extinction
conditioned forgetting
unconditioning
