What happens to neurotransmitters after they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?

They are broken down or reabsorbed

What is the function of the axon of a neuron?

Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Speed up nerve impulse conduction

A patient experiences a loss of sensation in their left hand. This is MOST likely due to damage to which type of neuron?

Afferent neurons carrying sensory information from the left hand.

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2025 HBS Midterm Review

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PLTW Human Body Systems Midterm 2025

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Questions 94

Answers

1
Which of these joints allows for the most degrees of freedom in movement?
Hinge
Plane
Ball-and-socket
Pivot
2
Which type of joint is found between the carpals and tarsals allowing for a small amount of gliding movement?
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
3
Which protein is primarily responsible for the flexibility and tensile strength of bone?
Elastin
Keratin
Collagen
Osteocalcin
4
Which type of joint allows for flexion and extension in one plane, like the bending and straightening of the elbow?
Ball-and-socket
Hinge
Plane
Pivot
5
The __________ region is located on the anterior surface of the elbow.
Olecranal
Popliteal
Sural
Antecubital
6
Which imaging technique uses X-rays to create cross-sectional images of the body?
PET Scan
MRI
CT Scan
Ultrasound
7
Which type of connective tissue has a gel-like matrix and provides cushioning and support?
Adipose Tissue
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
8
What happens to neurotransmitters after they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?
They are broken down or reabsorbed
They are converted into electrical signals
They become part of the myelin sheath
They travel back to the cell body
9
Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
All muscle types
Skeletal Muscle
10
Which type of muscle tissue is under voluntary control?
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
All muscle types
Cardiac Muscle
11
The elbow joint is an example of which type of joint?
Condyloid
Ball-and-socket
Pivot
Hinge
12
What type of neuron carries signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system?
Glial cells
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
13
Rotation is the primary movement allowed by which type of joint?
Saddle
Hinge
Condyloid
Pivot
14
The nose is __________ to the ears.
Lateral
Superior
Medial
Inferior
15
The __________ region is located on the posterior surface of the knee.
Antecubital
Popliteal
Olecranal
Patellar
16
What is the function of the axon of a neuron?
Support the neuron
Insulate the neuron
Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body
Receive nerve impulses
17
A fracture that results in the bone being broken into multiple pieces is classified as a:
Greenstick Fracture
Spiral Fracture
Transverse Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
18
What is the primary function of red bone marrow?
Calcium Regulation
Hematopoiesis (make RBCs)
Hormone Production
Fat Storage
19
Which type of joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Hinge Joint
Fibrous Joint
Cartilaginous Joint
Synovial Joint
20
What are the gaps between segments of the myelin sheath called?
Synapses
Dendrites
Axon terminals
Nodes of Ranvier
21
The shoulder joint is an example of which type of joint?
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
Pivot
Condyloid
22
Which part of a neuron carries signals away from the cell body?
Dendrites
Axon
Cell body
Myelin sheath
23
What is the main function of connective tissue?
Protection
Communication
Contraction
Support and Bind
24
A __________ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Sagittal
Horizontal
Transverse
Frontal
25
The wrist is __________ to the elbow.
Medial
Distal
Lateral
Proximal
26
Which type of tissue is specialized for transmitting electrical impulses?
Nervous Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
27
A doctor suspects a patient has gallstones. Which imaging technique would be most appropriate for initial diagnosis?
PET Scan
X-ray
Ultrasound
CT Scan
28
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
Produce neurotransmitters
Anchor the neuron to surrounding tissues
Receive signals from other neurons
Speed up nerve impulse conduction
29
The ankle is located in which anatomical region?
Crural
Pedal
Tarsal
Carpal
30
Which imaging technique uses sound waves to create images of internal organs?
X-ray
Ultrasound
CT Scan
MRI
31
What is the primary role of a physical therapist in musculoskeletal rehabilitation?
Perform surgery
Design exercise programs
Diagnose bone fractures
Prescribe medications
32
Which of these joints allows for the least degrees of freedom in movement?
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
Hinge
33
An athlete has suffered a hamstring strain. What is the most likely mechanism of injury?
Twisting
Overstretching
Compression
Direct impact
34
During the repolarization phase of an action potential, which ions flow out of the neuron?
Sodium (Na+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Potassium (K+)
Calcium (Ca2+)
35
The shoulder is __________ to the hand.
Distal
Proximal
Posterior
Anterior
36
The thigh is located in which anatomical region?
Crural
Brachial
Antebrachial
Femoral
37
Which imaging technique is best suited for visualizing soft tissues, such as ligaments and tendons?
CT Scan
MRI
Ultrasound
X-ray
38
When a person is in the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are facing __________.
Laterally
Posteriorly
Anteriorly
Medially
39
Flexion and extension are the primary movements allowed by which type of joint?
Hinge
Plane
Pivot
Ball-and-socket
40
Which type of joint allows for gliding or sliding movements, such as those found between the carpal bones in the wrist?
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
41
A patient experiences a loss of sensation in their left hand. This is MOST likely due to damage to which type of neuron?
Afferent neurons carrying sensory information from the left hand.
Efferent neurons carrying sensory information from the left hand
Efferent neurons carrying motor commands to the left hand.
Interneurons connecting afferent and efferent neurons in the spinal cord.
42
A __________ plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse
Coronal
43
Which type of joint allows for movement in all planes and also rotation?
Pivot
Saddle
Ball-and-socket
Hinge
44
The term __________ refers to the back of the body or a structure.
Dorsal
Inferior
Ventral
Superior
45
Which type of joint allows for movement in two planes (biaxial), but does not allow for rotation?
Condyloid
Pivot
Saddle
Hinge
46
During muscle contraction, which structure does the myosin head bind to?
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Actin
Myosin Tail
47
What is the main function of a neuron?
Transmit information
Produce myelin
Fight infection
Provide structural support
48
A __________ plane divides the body into right and left portions.
Transverse
Sagittal
Coronal
Frontal
49
Which type of muscle tissue is striated and has intercalated discs?
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
All muscle types
Skeletal Muscle
50
Which of the following correctly pairs the joint type with an example of its location in the body?
Saddle - Intervertebral discs
Hinge - Elbow
Pivot - Hip
Ball-and-socket - Knee
51
A coronal plane is the same as a __________ plane.
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
Horizontal
52
Which type of tissue covers the body surfaces and lines internal organs?
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
53
The heart is located __________ to the spine.
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Dorsal
54
Which imaging technique is considered safe for pregnant women because it does not use ionizing radiation?
X-ray
MRI
CT Scan
Ultrasound
55
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach and intestines?
None of the above
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
56
Which of the following is an example of an ethical consideration in rehabilitation?
Informed Consent
Treatment duration
Cost of treatment
Availability of equipment
57
The term "brachial" refers to which part of the body?
Arm
Neck
Head
Leg
58
If a patient has a laceration on the lateral aspect of their leg, where is the injury located?
On the outer side
On the back side
On the inner side
On the front side
59
During rehabilitation after a bone fracture, what is the main purpose of using a cast or splint?
Prevent muscle atrophy
Improve blood circulation
Immobilize the fracture
Reduce pain
60
What is the name of the chemical messengers that transmit signals across the synapse?
Ions
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Enzymes
61
Which imaging technique is the gold standard for visualizing blood vessels and blood flow?
X-ray
MRI
Ultrasound
Angiography
62
Which healthcare professional specializes in helping patients regain skills for daily living after an injury?
Orthopedic Surgeon
Athletic Trainer
Physical Therapist
Occupational Therapist
63
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?
Transverse
Oblique
Sagittal
Frontal
64
Which type of joint allows for opposition, the movement of the thumb across the palm to touch the fingertips?
Pivot
Saddle
Hinge
Ball-and-socket
65
A midsagittal plane creates which of the following?
Anterior and posterior portions
Unequal right and left halves
Equal right and left halves
Superior and inferior portions
66
What is the role of calcium ions in muscle contraction?
Block myosin binding sites
Bind to troponin
Activate myosin ATPase
Provide energy for contraction
67
Which imaging technique is often used to detect bone fractures?
PET Scan
X-ray
Ultrasound
MRI
68
What is the threshold potential?
The potential difference during repolarization
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential
The maximum level of stimulation a neuron can receive
The resting potential of a neuron
69
The skin is __________ to the muscles.
Superior
Inferior
Superficial
Deep
70
A patient is recovering from a shoulder injury. Which type of exercise would be MOST appropriate initially?
High-intensity interval training (HIIT)
Gentle Stretching
Resistance training with weights
Plyometric exercises
71
Which type of connective tissue is responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body?
Bone
Adipose Tissue
Cartilage
Blood
72
Which imaging technique would be LEAST helpful in diagnosing a torn meniscus in the knee (soft tissue)?
MRI
X-ray
Arthroscopy
Ultrasound
73
Which part of a neuron receives signals from other neurons?
Axon
Synapse
Dendrites
Cell body
74
The neck is located in which anatomical region?
Thoracic
Cervical
Sacral
Lumbar
75
The chest is located in which anatomical region?
Cephalic
Abdominal
Cervical
Thoracic
76
A transverse plane divides the body into which portions?
Superior and Inferior
Right and Left
Anterior and Posterior
Medial and Lateral
77
A reflex arc, such as the knee-jerk reflex, involves which of the following sequences of neurons?
Motor (efferent) neuron -> Interneuron -> Sensory (afferent) neuron
Sensory (afferent) neuron -> Interneuron -> Motor (efferent) neuron
Motor (efferent) neuron -> Sensory (afferent) neuron -> Interneuron
Sensory (afferent) neuron -> Motor (efferent) neuron -> Interneuron
78
Which imaging technique uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images?
MRI
Ultrasound
CT Scan
X-ray
79
The ability of a muscle to shorten forcibly when adequately stimulated is known as:
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
80
Which type of bone is primarily responsible for blood cell production?
Periosteum
Diaphysis
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
81
Where are neurotransmitters stored in a neuron?
Cell body
Myelin sheath
Nucleus
Synaptic vesicles
82
Which type of tissue is specialized for contraction and movement?
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Muscle Tissue
83
Abduction and adduction are movements possible at which type of joint?
Hinge
Pivot
Plane
Ball-and-socket and Condyloid
84
What is the function of the periosteum?
Joint Lubrication
Bone Growth and Repair
Muscle Attachment
Mineral Storage
85
What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
Power the myosin stroke
Synthesize actin
Release calcium ions
Bind to troponin
86
During the depolarization phase of an action potential, which ions flow into the neuron?
Calcium (Ca2+)
Sodium (Na+)
Chloride (Cl-)
Potassium (K+)
87
What type of neuron carries signals from the central nervous system to muscles and glands?
Motor neurons
Sensory neurons
Glial cells
Interneurons
88
The abdomen is located in which anatomical region?
Cephalic
Femoral
Abdominal
Brachial
89
Which type of joint allows for rotational movement, such as turning the head from side to side?
Saddle
Plane
Hinge
Pivot
90
What is the function of interneurons?
Carry signals to muscles
Carry signals from sensory organs
Connect sensory and motor neurons
Produce myelin
91
Damage to efferent neurons in the peripheral nervous system would most directly affect which of the following?
Transmission of signals from the skin to the CNS
Muscle contraction
Integration of information in the spinal cord
Sensory perception
92
The term "cephalic" refers to which part of the body?
Arm
Trunk
Head
Leg
93
What is the functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Myofibril
94
What is the purpose of range of motion exercises in rehabilitation?
Build muscle strength
Maintain joint mobility
Reduce pain
Improve cardiovascular fitness

2025 HBS Midterm Review Flashcards | StudBud