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BUSN STATS EXAM #2 Flashcards | StudBud
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BUSN STATS EXAM #2
BUSN STATS EXAM #2
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1
In statistics, the most common standard is to have at least a ______ level of confidence.
90%
5%
99%
95%
2
Which is formulated second?
The Null Hypothesis
Alternative Postulates
The Research Hypothesis
Reseach Theories
3
The correlation between scores from Time 1 and Time 2 is called ______reliability.
Test-related
Internal Consistency
Similar Forms
Parallel Form
4
What test posits a difference in a particular direction?
Nonparametric Test
One-Tailed Test
Frequency Test
Two-Tailed Test
5
SEM stands for
Standard Error of Stress
Standard Error of the Mean
Standard error of the Medium
Standard error of the Math
6
If the obtained value is not higher than the critical value, we ______.
Accept all hypotheses
Accept the null hypothesis
DO NOTHING!
reject null hypothesis
7
Reliability and validity specifically relate to the ______.
Qualitatice Methodology
Quality of the Data Themselves
Correlations between Variables
HUH?!?!
8
A test that measures some underlying psychological construct, what type of validity evidence would you want to collect?
Predictive Validity
Construct-Based Validity
Content-Based Validity
Concurrent-Based Validity
9
Which of the following correlations would be interpreted as a weak relationship?
-0.26
-0.46
-0.66
-0.86
10
What does your research question help to guide?
Average Score
Correlation
Hypothesis
Sampling Error
11
“There is no difference in the weight between rats fed low-fiber diets and rats fed high-fiber diets.”
Nondirectional Hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis
12
What does your research question help to guide?
Correlation
Average Score
Sampling Error
Hypothesis
13
The level of risk--or level of significance--is determined by the ______.
Study Sponsors
Participants
Results
Researchers
14
If the obtained value is not higher than the critical value, we ______.
reject all hypotheses
accept the null hypothesis
accept all hypotheses
reject the null hypothesis
15
______ explore(s) the question, “How do I know that the test, scale, instrument, etc. I use works every time I use it?”
Reliability AND Validity
NEITHER Reliability NOR Validity
Validity
Reliability
16
What does
generalizability
mean?
The sample
Results apply to the sample studied
Results may be applied to the population studied
Sampling Error is High
17
Calculating the one-sample
Z
test serves to give you ______.
Power
Critical Value
The obtained value
The level of significance
18
As compared with a 95% confidence interval, a 99% confidence interval would result in ______.
the same range of values in the confidence interval
a range that cannot be determined in the confidence interval
a wider range of values in the confidence interval
a smaller range of values in the confidence interval
19
Which of the following occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when it is really false?
Correct Decision
Type I Error
Type II Error
Power
20
A test measuring some underlying psychological construct, what type of validity evidence would you want to collect?
Concurrent Validity
Construct-Based Validity
Content-Based Validity
Predictive Validity
21
If I flip a coin 10 times, how many possible combinations or outcomes could I have?
22
210
102
1010
22
If variables change in the same direction, what type of correlation is this called?
Negative Correlation
We must pass the Stats Exam!
Positive Causation
Positive Correlation
23
Which of the following is a directional test?
One-tailed Test
The Research Hypothesis
Two-Tailed Test
The Null Hypothesis
24
A score that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean would have a
z
score of ______.
0
25
-2.5
2.5
25
In a one-sample
Z
test, this is the number of groups being compared ______.
four
one
two or more
three
26
Unless you have sufficient evidence otherwise, you must assume that ______.
NEITHER the null nor alternative hypotheses are true.
The Null Hypothesis is True
BUSN STATS IS HARD!
The Alternative Hypothesis is True
27
Which of the following is a statement of equality?
Directional Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis
Nondirectional Hypothesis
Fun Hypothesis
28
A
(
n
) ______hypothesis reflects the difference between groups but does not specify the direction of the difference.
Nondirectional Research
Directional Research
Null
Alternative
29
Which of the following is a characteristic of the normal curve?
Mean and Median ARE the SAME, BUT, mode is DIFFERENT
Mean and ode ARE the SAME, BUT Median is DIFFERENT
Mean, Median, and Mode, ARE the SAME
Mean, Median, and Mof
30
The level of risk--or level of significance--is determined by the ______.
Participants
Researchers
Results
Study Sponsors
31
Who is responsible for the invention of the Pearson Product-Moment correlation coefficient?
Karl Fisher
Fisher Pearson
Pearson Fisher
Karl Pearson
32
Which is used to summarize the correlations between a set of variables?
Correlation
Scatterplot Matrix
Scatterplot To Pass the Exam!
Correlation Matrix
33
If you want to calculate a
z
score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?
Standard Deviation Only
Shape of the Distribution
Mean and Standard Deviation
Mean, Median, and Mode
34
The correlation between variable X and variable Y is represented by which of the following?
rxy
rx(y)
r
I don't know what this is....
35
The correlation of scores from one form of the test with the scores from second for of the same test of the same content
Content-Based Validity
Construct-Based Validity
Parallel Forms Validity
Criterion-Based Validity
36
If you wanted to compute the correlation between two ordinal-level variables, which type of correlation should you use?
Spearman Rank
Pearson
Point Biserial
Phi
37
Reliability, there are multiple elements to each person's test score. The score that is actually record is the _ score
True
Error
False
Observed
38
Interrater reliability is an example of which of the following?
Measure of Consistency
Measure of Stability
Measures of Agreement
Measure Of Equivalence
39
Correlation coefficients are used to describe ______.
A group
Individuals as well as the group
this depends on the correlation coefficient used
individuals
40
The amount of unexplained variance in a relationship between two variables is called ______.
Coefficient of Alienation
Pearson Product-moment correlation coefficient
Phi Coefficient
Coefficient of Determination
41
If data are not reliable or not valid, the results of any test or hypothesis ______.
Are Inclusive
Are Valid in only Certain Situations
Must be Interpreted
IDK
42
In the formula for calculating a
Z
score, what does
n
stand for?
The sample average
The population average
The population size
The sample size
43
Under the normal curve a
z
score of 1.65 included 45% of the area above the mean, what percentage would remain ON
x
-axis
85%
5%
25%
95%
44
What is the key to establishing criterion-based validity?
Predictive of Correlation
Number of criteria
Type of Correlation
Quality of Criterion
45
What is considered to be a large effect for Cohen’s
d
?
.19
.10
.33
.52
46
In a study, a ______ is drawn from a ______.
Popular; Fan
Sample; Smaller Population
Sample; Larger Population
Population; Larger Sample
47
Which of the following correlation would be interpreted as a strong relationship?
0.25
0.65
0.45
0.35
48
Null hypotheses refer to ______.
The sample
Multiple Samples
The Population
BOTH Sample and Population
49
______ validity is based on the judgment of how well a test reflects an underlying idea.
Criterion-Based
Construct-Based
Internal Consistency
Content-Baed
50
Which of the following occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when it is really true?
CORRECT DECISION
POWER
TYPE II ERROR
TYPE I ERROR
51
Sample mean is 10, population average is 15, and your standard error of the mean is 10, what is your observed
Z
value?
2.5
2
-2
-0.5
52
What is the assignment of values to outcomes defined as?
Assigning
Listing
Measurement
Filing
53
PTSS
Post-Traumatic School Stress
Post-Traumatic Standard Stress
Post-Traumatic Stats Stess
What even is this?
54
In the formula for calculating a
Z
score, what does σ stand for?
the z value
standard error of the mean
the population standard deviation
the sample standard deviation
55
The first step in testing a hypothesis is to ______.
DO NOTHING!
select the appropriate test statistic
set the level of risk associated with the null hypothesis
provide a statement of the null hypothesis
56
The level of risk associated with the null hypothesis is generally set at ______.
.05
.20
.10
.001
57
If
X
increases in value as
Y
increases, what type of correlation exists?
Inverse Correlation
No correlation
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
58
What is the
T-
score for a
z
score of +3?
30
80
50
100
59
A one-sample
Z
test can be used to compare the mean of two samples.
False
True
60
The denominator in the equation for the
Z
value is equal to the ______.
mean of the sample subtracted from the population average
population average subtracted from the mean of the sample
SEM
standard error of the mean subtracted from the population average
61
When the sample accurately represents the population, the results of the study are said to have a high degree of ______
Do I even want to know what this is?
Generalizability
Quality
Error
62
Which of the following is true of
z
scores that fall below the mean?
They are in the upper half of the distribution.
They are negative
They are positive
They are equal to the mode
63
If the coefficient of determination between two variables is .81, what is the Pearson correlation coefficient?
0.34
0.90
I'm the right answer! Hehe
0.19
64
The ______ is the difference between the observed and true scores.
Score Differential
Error Score
Error Of Approximation
Do You Hate Statistics?
65
What does 1 – β represent?
Absolute Value
Type II Errors
Type I Error
Power
66
If distribution has a mean of 25 and a standard deviation of 2, what value would be –4 standard deviations from the mean
33
14
17
25
67
A mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, what is the probability that a score will be 115 or higher?
16%
84%
34%
50%
68
The significance level is also known as the risk of ______.
A Type I Error
A Null Error
POWER!!!
A Type II Error
69
What type of validity is concerned with the adequate representation of test items?
Construct-Based Validity
Predictive Validity
Content-Based Validity
Concurrent Validity
70
What percentage of all scores fall below a
z
score of +1?
50%
84%
34%
16%
71
Which coefficient reflects the occurrence of perfect reliability?
0.5
1.00
2.00
0.100
72
The ______ is a more testable version of a research question.
Hypothesis
This is EASY!
Theory
Postulate
73
The fact that the tails of a normal distribution never touch the horizontal axis relates to the following property ___?
Asympotic
Apporximate
Symmetrical
Statistical
74
If X decreases in value as Y increases in value, what type of correlation exists?
Positive Correlation
Negative Correlation
Direct Correlation
Stats Correlation
75
The actual or measured score is called the ______score.
Real
True
Observed
Error
76
What Greek letter is associated with type II error?
∑
Ψ
β
α
77
Data points group clustered from the upper left-hand side of the xy axis to the lower right-hand side, what is this?
Positive Intercept
Negative Intercept
Positive Slope
Negative Slope
78
Data points group together clustered: the lower left-hand side of the xy axis to the upper right-hand side what is this?
Negative Slope
Negative Intercept
Positive Slope
Positive Intercept
79
______ of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean.
95%
50%
99.5%
68%
80
Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient is represented by the following letter______.
z
p
r
C
81
“The more oatmeal you eat, the lower your blood cholesterol level” is an example of a ______ correlation.
Positive
Biserial
Continous
Negative
82
What is the foundation of inferential statistics?
Probability
Mathematical Proofs
Algebra
Linear Algebra
83
What types of values are most likely to be seen?
Very Low Values
Values very close to the mean
Very High Values
Values very far from the mean
84
Some statistical tests allow you to make a conclusion that there is a real effect with 100% certainty.
False
True
85
If you wanted to compute the correlation between two interval-level variables, which type of correlation should you use?
Spearman Rank
Phi
Pearson
Point Biserial
86
What is the numerical index that describes the relationships between two variables?
Regression Coefficient
Psi Index
Chi Index
Correlation Coefficient
87
If the correlation between two variables = 0, the scatterplot between these two variables would be represented as a
Horizontal Line
Line Sloping Upward
Vertical Line
Line Sloping Downward
88
What is true of
z
scores that are equal to the mean?
They are equal to zero
They are positive
They are equal to one
They are negative
89
A negative correlation between two variables would represent in a scatterplot as a
Line Sloping Upward
Line Sloping Downward
Horizontal Line
Vertical Line
90
How well a statistical test can detect and reject a null hypothesis when it is false refers to ______.
Power
Strength
Force
Fortitude
91
When reporting statistical significance, how is this usually represented?
p > .05
p = .05
p = .01
P < .05
92
A greater difference between the sample statistic
and population parameter means that you will have __ sampling error.
Lower
Infinite
A higher
No
93
A Cohen’s
d
value of .23 would be considered ______.
extremely large
large
small
medium
94
Which of the following is a measure of how well a sample approximates the characteristics of a population?
Sampling Error
Sampling consistency
Sampling STRESS!!
Sampling Consistency
95
What is considered to be a small effect for Cohen’s
d
?
.17
.57
-0.2
.25
96
You can use Pearson’s correlation coefficient if one or more of your variables are ordinal or nominal.
True
False
