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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2018 Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2018
AP Psychology - AP Exam Review 2018
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A basic review over all material covered in AP Psychology used to prepare for the AP Exam.
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Questions
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1
A stimulus evokes a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus in...
state-dependent learning
observational learning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
2
A rat learns to press a bar to turn off an electric shock. This is an example of...
positive reinforcement
escape learning
avoidance learning
an unconditioned response
3
The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on...
lateral processing
bottom-to-top processing
bottom-up processing
top-down processing
4
If a dog salivates to a blue light but not a yellow light, the dog is demonstrating...
spontaneous recovery
conditioned emotional reactions
stimulus discrimination
stimulus generalization
5
The gate-control theory suggests that incoming pain sensations may be blocked at the...
spinal cord
cortex
location of injury
thalamus
6
Cohort effects are most closely associated with which research design?
time of testing
longitundinal
cross-sectional
sequential
7
An electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the...
cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
corpus callosum
medulla
8
If you were awakened during REM sleep, you would probably report that you had...
been dreaming
not been dreaming
a headache
not really been asleep
9
PTSD is an example of what kind of disorder?
schizophrenic
mood
personality
anxiety
10
What is somnambulism?
difficulty remaining asleep
sleep-talking
sleep-walking
difficulty breathing when asleep
11
What appears to be responsible for regulating circadian rhythm?
amount of time alseep
amount of time awake
exposure to light
cultural practices
12
The last are of the brain to fully mature in late adolescence or early adulthood is the...
prefrontal cortex
occipital cortex
hypothalamus
medulla
13
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense of general firing of the brain is..
None of the Above
wish fulfillment theory
activation-synthesis theory
problem-solving theory
14
The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the...
temporal lobe
stirrup
oval window
cochlea
15
The function of sensory memory is to...
hold sensory impressions long enough for transfer
put information into long-term memory
hold information for a lifetime
hold the immediate perception of what was perceived
16
The minimum stimulus intensity of any sensory input that an organism can detect is called the..
just noticeable difference
absolute threshold
subliminal threshold
sensory memory
17
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs is known as...
classical conditioning
insight learning
latent learning
operant conditioning
18
Which technique would be most useful for locating specific neurotransmitters in the brain?
positron emission tomography
computerized tomography
magnetic resonance imaging
electrographic tomography
19
Negative reinforcement involves...
the presentation of a pleasant stimulus
the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
the removal of a pleasant stimulus
20
What is cognitive dissonance?
occurs only when cognitions are unrelated
a state of tension produced by inconsistent cognitions
feelings of guilt produced by acting against your conscience
feeling of discomfort experienced by receivers of persuasion
21
The hypothalamus communicates with the endocrine system by way of the..
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
pancreas
sebaceous gland
22
Hadley uses ____ to relieve the symptoms of her glaucoma and relax her.
cocaine
mescaline
heroin
marijuana
23
The hypothalamus influences or regulates all of the following except...
feeding
memory
the endocrine system
the autonomic nervous system
24
Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, aggression, and impaired mental functioning.
narcotics
sedatives
cannabis
alcohol
25
The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the...
vitreous humor
iris
lens
cornea
26
Which statistical method is used to determine the reliability of a test?
percentiles
correlation coefficients
means
standard deviation
27
Although Sheri falls asleep easily, she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri suffers from..
pseudoinsomnia
sleep apnea
narcolepsy
insomnia
28
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect us from guilt and anxiety are known as...
id mechanisms
coping mechanisms
defense mechanisms
offense mechanisms
29
The registration of sensory input without conscious awareness refers to
a superimposed stimulus
a just noticeable difference
subliminal perception
a false alarm
30
A valid test is one that...
has been standardized but not normed
measures what it is supposed to measure
is reliable
is consistent
31
Potty training is a key challenge in which of Erikson's stages of development?
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
industry vs. inferiority
trust vs. mistrust
initiative vs. guilt
32
The fundamental attribution error leads observers to attribute crime in poor neighborhoods to..
job discrimination experienced by the residents
poor police protection
the personal qualities of the residents
crowded living conditions
33
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by...
personal conflicts existing at the unconscious level
genetic dispositions to behave in a particular way
unrealistic demands from family/friends
conflicts between unconscious desires and environment
34
In relation to age, which of the following does not belong with the others?
formal operations
post-conventional moral reasoning
development of secondary sex characteristics
autonomy vs. shame & doubt
35
A father suggests that his son's low marks are due to the child's laziness. He has made...
a distinctive attribution
a situational attribution
an internal attribution
an external attribution
36
If Jane used an external attribution to explain why her son got into a fight, she would say...
he's just like his father
he always gets in fights
the other boy started it and he was defending himself
he can't help himself since he doesn't have self-control
37
According to the five-factor model, people who score _____ tend to be trusting and cooperative.
high in neuroticism
low in openness
high in agreeableness
low in extraversion
38
When people overestimate the frequency of violent crimes because these events are on TV, they..
use the elimination by aspects strategy
use a holistic decision model
are using the availability heuristic
are using the representativeness heuristic
39
Watson defined psychology as the scientific study of...
the unconscious
the brain
behavior
conscious experience
40
In experiments, subjects that receive special treatment are known as...
the experimental group
the correlational group
the observational group
the control group
41
Multiple-choice tests use what measure of memory?
relearning
recognition
recall
reiteration
42
Tension reduction is the goal of which motivational theory?
evolutionary theory
drive theory
instinct theory
incentive theory
43
Conditioned taste aversions represent an unusual or atypical example of...
operant conditioning
classical conditioning
punishment
observational learning
44
The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as...
hypnosis
consciousness
sensation
perception
45
Learning to crawl is an example of which motor development sequence?
the proximodistal trend
the cephalocaudal trend
the cephalopedal trend
encephalitis
46
The process of selectively reinforcing responses that are closer to the desired response is..
step-wise conditioning
stimulus discrimination
shaping
selection
47
The decrease in individual effort exerted by group members when working together on a task is..
social loafing
group polarization
conformity
deindividuation
48
The test you are currently taking is an example of what kind of test?
an achievement test
an aptitude test
an intelligence test
a personality test
49
The idea that we should pay back in kind what we receive from others is known as the..
display rules
the principle of collectivism
the reciprocity norm
the law of cognitive dissonance
50
Voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences in what type of learning?
operant conditioning
reinforcement
observational learning
classical conditioning
51
Alice has a dog phobia, and is being told to completely relax and imagine a dog. This is...
systematic desensitization
aversion therapy
avoidance therapy
psychotherapy
52
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that...
you can affect how you feel by making a certain expression
a facial expression is just a sign of internal feelings
the internal state causes the facial expression
other people can identify your emotions by your expressions
53
The deepest level of processing which involves emphasizing the meaning of words is known as...
attention encoding
the triarchic level of encoding
the semantic level of encoding
dyadic encoding
54
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is...
gamma
alpha
delta
beta
55
The gradual disappearance of an operant response that is no longer being reinforced is called..
unconditioning
spontaneous remission
conditioned forgetting
extinction
56
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines...
processing
sensation
attention
perception
57
Which of the following is not a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
aggressiveness
manipulative behavior
social charm
excessive guilt
58
The amygdala plays a role in the modulation of which emotion?
fear
happiness
surprise
sadness
59
You see a female VP being pushy/aggressive, and then assume all female VPs are this way, which
a heuristic observation
demonstrates an illusory correlation
a self-serving attribution
a contravened stereotype
60
What is not a characteristic of groupthink?
censoring dissent from group members
dividing the world into the ingroup & outgroup
censoring information that contradicts the group's views
gathering all the relevant information (pros & cons)
61
According to the James-Lange theory, one's conscious experience of emotion occurs..
before autonomic arousal
independently of autonomic arousal
after autonomic arousal
simultaneously with autonomic arousal
62
The Binet-Simon scale of intelligence expressed a child's score in terms of...
a potential score
mental age
IQ
a percentile score
63
The most optimistic view of human nature is found in the ________ approach.
humanistic
psychoanalytic
behavioral
cognitive
64
Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex most accurately describes...
gender roles
gender differences
gender behaviors
gender stereotypes
65
According to the notion of semantic networks, which word pair should be linked most closely?
fill-feed
car-nose
boat-goat
tree-bird
66
The gambler's fallacy reflects the influence of the...
law of small numbers
representativeness heuristic
conjunction heuristic
availability heuristic
67
In order for a memory to be stored, it must first be..
encoded
ablated
retrieved
modeled
68
Which of the following disorders/issues would be least likely to be treated by a psychiatrist?
schizophrenia
bipolar disorder
anxiety disorders
marital problems
69
A person who perceives stimuli that aren't there is said to have...
obsessions
illusions
hallucinations
delusions
70
If you suffer from depression, which type of psychologists would be of the most help to you?
a clinical psychologist
a developmental psychologist
a social psychologist
a forensic psychologist
71
At which stage do people use a personal code of ethics to guide their moral reasoning?
postconventional
conventional
concrete
preconventional
72
When a choice must be made between two unattractive goals, you are experiencing...
an approach-avoidance conflict
an approach-approach conflict
an avoidance-avoidance conflict
a risk-aversion conflict
73
In the Little Albert experiment, the conditioned stimulus was the...
rabbit
loud noise
rat
fear reaction
74
Severing the reticular formation in cats caused them to
become aggressive
remain in continuous wakefulness
become fearful/cautious
remain in continuous sleep
75
A worker who is paid every Friday for completing his 40-hour work week is being paid on a...
variable-interval schedule
fixed-ratio schedule
variable-ratio schedule
fixed-interval schedule
76
The superego is Freud's term for...
the biological impulses that drive behavior
the mediating agent between the id and ego
the conscious aspect of personality
the moral component of personality
77
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the...
assumption others will take responsibility;bystander effect
basis for performing pro-social behavior
loss of identity one experiences in mob violence
halo effect in aggression
78
Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to...
print letters
fear the dark
sing a song
tie shoe laces
79
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant is their...
attachment
personality
temperament
behavioral quality
80
A person who loses memories of events that occur following a head injury is experiencing...
retrograde amnesia
anterograde amnesia
pseudoforgetting
retroactive interference
81
The wavelength of light mainly affects our perception of...
brightness
saturation
light purity
color
82
Sleep spindles are characteristic of which stage of the sleep cycle?
stage 1
stage 2
stage 4
REM
83
Aggression is often a behavioral response to stressors involving...
conflict
pressure
change
frustration
84
Inferences that people draw about the causes of their and other's behavior are known as..
self-serving bias
stereotypes
prejudices
attributions
85
What kind of validity do the ACT and SAT strive for?
absolute
construct
criterion-related
content
86
During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, a child experiences the world through..
abstract operations
logical reasoning
systematic hypothesis testing
physical interaction
87
Which of the following statements is the best example of telegraphic speech?
give cookie
i wanted a cookie
I eated a cookie
cookie
88
A student's organized set of expectations on how a professor should act is an example of a..
chunk
script
semantic network
schema
89
A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as...
an amphetamine
a hallucinogen
a narcotic
a sedative
90
Homeostasis is a state of...
psychological instability
psychological stability
physiological stability
physiological instability
91
Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines...
cognitive dissonance
obedience
groupthink
conformity
92
The sickly child who becomes a forceful, physically active adult demonstrates what Adler called
displacement
compensation
regression
fixation
93
Slot machines increase gambling behavior through the use of...
a continuous reinforcement schedule
a short-delay reinforcement schedule
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
a non-contingent reinforcement schedule
94
An antagonist...
blocks the action of neurotransmitters
prevents reuptake of neurotransmitters
extends the absolute refractory period
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
95
The sensory receptors for smell are referred to as...
gustatory bulbs
sciatic receptors
smell buds
olfactory cilia
96
The process of pushing distressing thoughts into the unconscious and keeping them there is...
suppression
repression
neurogenic amnesia
avoidance
97
Which of the following is a mood disorder?
conversion disorder
bipolar disorder
fugue
panic disorder
98
If the occipital lobe is stimulated, the person would be most likely to report...
seeing a flash of light
moving a part of his body
smelling an odor
hearing a sound
99
In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
morphemic
mnemonic
phonemic
platonic
100
The production of speech is controlled by which area of the frontal lobe?
Wernicke's area
Sperry's area
Cannon's area
Broca's area
101
In Milgram's study of obedience, subjects...
indicated which of 3 lines matched the "standard line"
were ordered to deliver painful shocks to a stranger
were put into a simulated prison
became the recipient of painful electric shocks
102
Which type of data collection is the best for studying attitudes?
direct observation
physiological recordings
questionnaires
psychological tests
103
Which of the following is not a common effect of hypnosis?
resistance to pain
total loss of personal control
reduction of inhibitions
hallucinations
104
After having his first ice cream cone yesterday, Dave keeps asking for ice cream, demonstrating
metalinguistic awareness
overextension
semantic slanting
fast-mapping
105
In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the...
salivation
light
tone
food/meat powder
106
Failure to actively seek out contrary evidence may lead to...
the confirmation bias
the gambler's fallacy
overestimating the improbable
the conjunction fallacy
107
The area of psychology referring to mental processes or thinking is known as...
cognition
intelligence
mentalism
introspection
108
Free association and dream analysis were held to be major methods to discover the makeup of...
maladaptive behaviors
the conscious
the unconscious
irrational thoughts
109
Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called...
non-declarative memories
flashbulb memories
sensory memories
episodic memories
110
Dave washes his hands 50 times a day, even when they're not dirty. This is an example of..
a delusion
a phobia
a compulsion
an obsession
111
Cultural norms that determine which facial expressions are appropriate for what occasions are..
social scripts
display rules
investment differentiations
parental investments
112
Destroying part of the brain tissue to observe its effect on behavior is referred to as...
ESB
lesioning
stereotaxic inversion
tumor ligation
113
Widely held beliefs about groups of people based on their group membership defines...
cultural direction
schematizing
cognitive structuring
stereotypes
114
Depression is an example of a _____ mood disorder.
unipolar
bipolar
dissociative
cyclical
115
Prejudice is to discrimination as...
attitude is to action
thought is to perception
feeling is to thinking
behavior is to motive
116
____ measure general mental ability while ___ measure various aspects of people (values, etc).
intelligence; standardized
standardized; intelligence
intelligence; personality
personality; standardized
117
People who have hormonal imbalances have problems with their...
endocrine system
limbic system
reticular formation
leftbrain/right brain communication
118
According to Freud, nail-biting may be evidence of fixation at the _____ stage of development.
anal
genital
latency
oral
119
Mary Ainsworth's strategy for studying infant attachment is known as the __________ procedure.
shared inhibition
strange situation
secure-avoidant
attachment probing
120
Which of the following does not belong with the other three?
gonads
pituitary
thalamus
thyroid
121
The structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the...
pineal gland
corpus callosum
thalamus
parietal lobe
122
The school of psychology associated with understanding the purpose of behavior is...
neodynamism
behaviorism
psychoanalysis
functionalism
123
According to the medical model...
all physical illnesses have a psychological component
all mental illnesses are caused by biological factors
abnormal behavior can be thought of as a disease
all mental illnesses can be treated using drugs
124
Most explanations for the Flynn effect revolve around...
changes in testing procedures
group differences in basic intelligence
genetic influences on IQ
a variety of environmental factors
125
If a teacher gives an exam with questions that were not covered in class, the test lacks..
criterion-related validity
content validity
predictive validity
standardized validity
126
Rehearsal is most beneficial for maintaining information in _______ memory.
long-term
intermediate-term
short-term
sensory
127
The assumption of a preoperational child that a car is moving because she is in it demonstrates
centration
conservation
egocentrism
reversibility
128
When Bob hits his thumb with a hammer, the sensation will be transmitted to the CNS by...
autonomic nerves
afferent nerves
sympathetic nerves
efferent nerves
129
If a psychological test intends to tell you how you score relative to others, they must develop
test scales
test scores
test norms
test levels
130
Five-year-old Bob washes his bike after seeing his father was his car, demonstrating...
superstitious behavior
classical conditioning
observational learning
positive reinforcement
131
A perceptual set implies that...
people often see what they expect to see
the focused-attention stage of processing is overridden
visual perception is based on bottom-up processing
feature analysis is a "hard-wired" process
132
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are...
antagonists
agonists
neurotransmitters
action potentials
133
Your GPA is an example of which measure of central tendency?
mode
median
mean
midpoint
134
Reliability refers to the _______ of a measuring device, such as a test.
accuracy of inference
consistency
representativeness
predictability
135
Which type of intelligence involves the ability to apply acquired knowledge in problem solving?
episodic
procedural
fluid
crystallized
136
If two sounds vary in frequency they are perceived as differing in...
pitch
loudness
decibels
timbre
137
Substances such as viruses and drugs that can harm a developing fetus are known as...
prenatals
opiates
teratogens
pathogens
138
A personality measure that asks you to respond freely to an ambiguous stimulus (ex. inkblot) is
a projective test
a deceptive test
a behavior rating
a self-report inventory
139
Which of the following is not one of the intelligence types described by Gardner?
spatial
musical
mechanical
logical-mathemathical
140
The neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia is...
acetylcholine
endorphin
serotonin
dopamine
141
Anhedonia is when a person...
has difficulty experiencing pleasure
has two different psychological disorders
experiences mild manic states
has trouble getting along with people
142
The minimum length of time between action potentials is determined by...
the relative threshold period
the absolute refractory period
transduction capacity
transduction incapacity
143
We often perceive a series of dots as a "solid" line because of the Gestalt principle of...
constancy
symmetry
similiarity
closure
144
Jay used to say "mikk", but now says "milk" properly, meaning he has made gains in the use of..
phonemes
syntax
morphemes
linguistic heuristics
145
Which brain structure is most closely related to regulating emotions?
reticular formation
cerebellum
brainstem
limbic system
146
Putting group goals ahead of personal goals & defining one's identity in terms of the group is
functionalism
collectivism
individualism
attributionism
147
Who is responsible for establishing psychology as an independent discipline?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Rene Decartes
G. Stanley Hall
148
The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon can best be described as an instance of...
complete storage failure
complete retrieval failure
partial storage
partial retrieval
149
Framing refers to...
presenting only part of the information required
how alternatives in a decision problem are presented
structuring decision problems so they lead to poor decisions
presenting irrelevant information
150
The ability to generate ideas that are original, novel, and useful defines...
reasoning
insight
creativity
intelligence
