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Research Methods 2
Ontology is?
What is nominal data?
Research Methods 2
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1
What is nominal data?
Measured along a scale
Quantitative data
Order or scale
Gender and eye colour
2
Ontology is?
a model
The theory of knowledge
the nature of being
A philosophical system
3
A small scale study that is conducted to test aspects of a design is called what?
Pilot study
Meta analysis
Correlation
Longitudinal study
4
An experiment that is conducted in an artificial environment is known as what?
Lab experiment
Naturalistic experiment
Field experiment
Case study
5
Epistemology is?
The nature of being
The theory of knowledge
Relationship between cause and effect
Social realm
6
If you record data every 5 minutes which type of sampling method are you using?
Covert observation
Time sampling
Unstructured observation
Event sampling
7
Which of the following is not an ethical consideration?
Informed consent
Voluntary participation
Assess all components
Confidentiality
8
Respondents often answer in way that makes them look good. This is called what?
The screw you effect
A leading question
Social desirability bias
A response set
9
What is a spearman correlation test?
Tests for strength between two continuous variables
Tests for strength between two ordinal variables
Looks for an association between variables
Tests for strength between two categorical variables
10
Which of the following is not an observer role?
Complete observer
Participant as observer
Complete participant
Incomplete participant
11
The extent to which the study has tested what it set out to test is referred to as what?
External validity
Ecological validity
Reliability
Internal validity
12
Experiments using 2 groups randomly assigned to 1 condition each are referred to as what?
Counterbalancing
Matched pairs
Repeated measures
Independent groups
13
What information is important when looking at one way independent groups ANOVA?
sig value
All of the above
f value
df
14
Which of the following best describes data triangulation?
Type 1 error
Combining different techniques
Combining different data sources
Type 2 error
15
UPPERCASE =
A sequence
Dominant
Mixed methods
Less dominant
16
What is ordinal data?
Gender and eye colour
Measured along a scale
Order or scale
Quantitative data
17
At what P value should the null hypothesis be rejected?
P<0.005
P>0.005
P<0.05
P>0.05
18
If data are normally distributed what test of difference should be performed?
T-test repeated measures
Wilcoxon sign rank
Mann Whitney U
T-test independent groups
19
Which of the following is not a scientific research method?
Quantitative research
straw vote research
Qualitative research
narrative research
20
Which of the following does a non-parametric test look for?
Group means
Group ranges
Group modes
Group medians
21
Which of these statements is not true of counterbalancing?
Reduces extraneous variables
Can be remembered by using ABBA
overcomes order effects
used for independent groups experiments
22
Which of the following is not an interview method?
Direct
Unstructured
Structured
Stress
23
What information is important when interpreting effect sizes?
All of the above
Test stat
None of the above
Number of participants
24
What is ANOVA?
Tests the difference between group means
Tests for the difference between two independent variables
Tests for the difference between two related variables
Tests how change in predictor predicts the outcome
25
A type 1 error is what?
The factor that is measured
The factor that is changed
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
Rejection of a true null hypothesis
26
What is interval data?
Gender and eye colour
Order or scale
Quantitative data
Measured along a scale
27
Quan (qual) =
Non-bracketed more dominant
Non-bracketed less dominant
mixed methods
recursive process
28
Which of the following could you not use content analysis for?
A parent diary
A set of scores on a memory test?
A newspaper
A video recording of a supermarket
29
Which of the following is not a self report technique?
Interview
overt observation
Questionnaire
survey
30
What information is important when looking at simple tests of difference?
T stat
Sig stat
All of the above
Mean and SD
31
Qual + Quan =
same time
dominant
Mixed methods
Recursive process
32
Quan + Qual =
Equal dominance
Concurrent designs
Recursive process
Sequential designs
33
Which of the following is not a moderator skill when it comes to research interviews?
Effective listening skills
Flexibility
Topical expertise
Lack of knowledge
34
The DV is what?
The factor that is measured
The factor that is changed
An explanation with limited evidence
Contrary to the null hypothesis
35
Qual - Quan - (Quan + Qual) =
A sequence
Less dominant
Mixed methods
Dominant
36
A one tailed hypothesis is what?
The factor that is measured
The region of rejection on both sides
The factor that is changed
The region of rejection on one side
37
Which type of sampling method has the least chance of bias?
Snowball
volunteer
Opportunity
random
38
Conducting an experiment so that the participants cannot see the observer is called what?
Time sampling
Covert
Structured observation
Overt
39
Falsifiability is?
things to be proven wrong
The nature of being
a model
The theory of knowledge
40
Qual - - Quan =
Equal dominance
a seuence
Mixed methods
recursive process
41
Which of the following is not a qualitative research technique?
quantitative analysis
Grounded theory
narrative
Ethnography
42
Standard deviation is an example of what?
Interval data
order effect
Measure of central tendency
measure of dispersion
43
Name a style of questioning used in the design of questionnaire formats?
Likart scale questions
Likert scale questions
Likern scale questions
Liker scale questions
44
Qual, Quant =
A sequence
Dominant
Mixed methods
Equal dominance
45
The IV is what?
The factor that is measured
The factor that is changed
The region of rejection on both sides
The region of rejection on one side
46
A case study may concern which of the following?
Individuals
Events
All of the above
Institutions
47
External validity refers to what?
Whether an observed effect can be attributed to the IV
Whether the findings are what the experimenter expected
All of the above
The generalisability of research findings
48
What is an ideal sample size for an ethnographic study?
10-30
50-70
70-90
30-50
49
What is an independent t-test?
Tests the difference between group means
Tests for the difference between two independent variables
Tests for the difference between two related variables
Tests how change in predictor predicts outcome
50
Which of the following does a parametric test look for?
Group ranges
Group medians
Group modes
Group means
51
A type 2 error is what?
Contrary to the null hypothesis
Failing to reject a false null hypothesis
Positive or negative change
An explanation with limited evidence
52
A hypothesis is what?
Is contrary to the null hypothesis
Has no significant difference
Is the factor that is changed
Is an explanation with limited evidence
53
Which of the following best describes an effect size?
A correlation
A significant difference
A qualitative measure
A quantitative measure
54
Which of the following best describes research designs?
qual - quan = Interpret results
quan - qual = interpret results
Combining different data sources
Timing, weighting and purpose
55
Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
Mean
range
mode
Median
56
Which of the following describes a sign test?
Tests if 2 related variables are different
Tests for difference between 2 independent variables
Tests for difference between 2 related variables
Tests how change in 2 or more predictors predict the outcome
57
How would you describe a correlation coefficient of r = 0.9?
A strong positive correlation
A weak positive correlation
A weak negative correlation
A strong negative correlation
58
What is a correlational test?
Tests for the strength between two categorical variables
Tests for the strength between two continuous variables
Looks for an association between variables
Tests for the strength between two ordinal variables
59
Paradigms are?
Social realm
Philosophical systems
Models
Things to be proven wrong
60
A null hypothesis has what?
No significant difference
An explanation with limited evidence
A positive or negative change
A failure to reject a false null hypothesis
61
What is ratio data?
Order or scale
Measured along a scale
Gender and eye colour
Quantitative data
62
What is a parametric test?
Represents the distribution of variables as a bell shape
Makes assumptions
Looks for an association between variables
Makes no assumptions
63
Action research and ethnography are examples of which of the following?
Narrative research methods
Interviewing techniques
Narrative analysis
Positivist research
64
An alternative hypothesis is what?
Has a positive or negative change
Is contrary to the null hypothesis
Is an explanation with limited evidence
Has no significant difference
65
What information is important when looking at one way repeated measures ANOVA?
Dependent variable and df
Sig and F value
All of the above
N
66
What information is important when interpreting chi-squared data?
Sig (P) value
None of the above
All of the above
Pearson chi-squared value
67
What is simple regression?
Tests for the difference between two related variables
Tests how change in 2 or more predictors predict the outcome
Tests for the difference between 2 independent variables
Tests how change in predictor predicts the outcome
68
Which of the following best describes a one-way independent groups ANOVA?
Means of related groups
Medians of independent groups
Means of independent groups
Medians of related groups
69
What is normal distribution?
Makes no assumptions
Represents the distribution of variables as a bell shape
Tests for the difference between two independent variables
Makes assumptions
70
What is a paired t-test?
Tests how change in the predictor predicts change in outcome
Tests for the difference between two related variables
Tests for the difference between group means
Tests for the difference between two independent variables
71
What type of data is ranked or has a subjective rating?
ordinal
Graphical
Nominal
interval
72
Which of the following is a narrative research technique?
Narrative analysis
Laboratory based measurement
Intervention study
Questionnaire
73
A two tailed hypothesis is what?
The region of rejection on both sides
The region of rejection on one side
An explanation with limited evidence
Contrary to the null hypothesis
74
An anti positivist is?
Relationship between cause and effect
A social realm
Things to be proven wrong
The nature of being
75
Which of these variables is not fully operationalised?
Aggression
Days off work
Time in seconds
IQ score
76
A non directional hypothesis is what?
Is where the IV will effect the DV with no direction stated
Is the rejection of a true null hypothesis
Is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis
Is contrary to the null hypothesis
77
The effect size (d = 0.695) between the start and end weights suggests what?
A very large effect
A large effect
A moderate effect
A small effect
78
What is a non parametric test?
Makes no assumptions
Tests for the difference between two related variables
Represents the distribution of variables as a bell shape
Makes assumptions
79
What type of data is primarily used in a correlation?
Ordinal
Interval
Qualitative
Nominal
80
Name a narrative research technique?
narrative analysis
Qualitative analysis
random analysis
Quantitative analysis
81
Which of the following describes a wilcoxon signed rank test?
Tests for difference between 2 related variables
Tests how change in 2 or more predictors predict the outcome
Tests for difference between 2 independent variables
Tests if 2 related variables are different
82
lowercase =
dominant
less dominant
mixed methods
recursive process
83
Which of the following statements about field experiments is true?
More internally valid than any other type of experiment
IV is manipulated by the experimenter
There will be no demand characteristics
Also known as a quasi-experiment
84
Which of the following is not an appropriate evaluation point for using opportunity sampling?
Can produce a sample that is unrepresentative
Takes lots of time
Is quick and therefore can generate a bigger sample
Can be affected by researcher bias
85
A directional hypothesis is what?
Has a positive or negative change
Is the rejection of a true null hypothesis
Is in the region of rejection on one side
Is in the region of rejection on both sides
86
Which correlation coefficient is used with data that are not normally distributed?
Pearson correlation
wilcoxon
Shapiro wilks
spearman
87
Which of the following is an example of a question that would produce qualitative data?
why do you like psychology?
Rate your enjoyment of psychology out of 10
do you like psychology? yes or no
How long have you studied psychology in months/years?
88
What is multiple regression?
Tests if 2 related variables are different
Tests how change in 2 or more predictors predict the outcome
Tests for difference between 2 related variables
Tests for difference between 2 independent variables
89
One advantage of matched pairs is?
its easier
You need fewer participants
Order effects are not a problem
you can control some participant variables
90
Which of the following describes a wilcoxon ranked-sum test?
Tests how change in 2 or more predictors predict the outcome
Tests for the difference between 2 independent variables
Tests for the difference between 2 related variables
Tests if 2 related variables are different
91
Which of the following best describes a one way repeated measures ANOVA?
Medians of independent groups
Means of related groups
Medians of related groups
Means of independent groups
92
A variable that influences the DV other than the IV is known as what?
External validity
Extraneous variable
Controlled variable
Demand characteristic
93
A positivist is?
The theory of knowledge
a philosophical system
A social realm
the nature of being
94
Causality is which of the following?
the relationship between cause and effect
a model
Things to be proven wrong
The nature of being
95
What best describes an observational technique where the researcher is incognito?
Complete observer
Participant as observer
Observer as participant
Complete participant
96
Qual - Quan =
Mixed methods
a sequence
Recursive process
less dominant
97
Which of the following best describes methodological triangulation?
Combining different techniques
Timing, weighting and purpose
1 qual and 1 quan
Combining different data sources
98
What is a chi squared test?
Tests for strength between two categorical variables
Looks for an association between variables
Tests for strength between two ordinal variables
Tests for strength between two continuous variables
99
Which of the following would help overcome investigator effects?
Single blind method
Matched pairs design
Double blind method
Counterbalancing
100
What is a pearson correlation test?
Looks for an association between variables
Tests for strength between two continuous variables
Tests for strength between two ordinal variables
Tests for strength between two categorical variables
