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AP Psychology Semester 1 Fall Final Review Flashcards | StudBud
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AP Psychology Semester 1 Fall Final Review
AP Psychology Semester 1 Fall Final Review
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1
How would drive reduction theory explain a person eating half a bowl of M&M's and stopping?
they were satisfying the 2nd step on the hierarchy of needs
people eat in moderation to prevent being seen as selfish
humans are instinctively driven to eat sugar and fat
the person stopped when their body had reached homeostasis
2
which psychologist would agree w/ the following:
behavior results from reinforcers & punishers
Albert Bandura
William James
B.F. Skinner
Carl Rogers
3
Which is an example of an implicit memory?
describing the taste of a birthday cake
recognizing a celebrity
remembering how to tie your shoelace
recalling the name of your JH math teacher
4
What type of motivations best encourage positive behaviors to persist over time?
extrinsic motivation
need for achievement
intrinsic motivation
primary drives
5
Circadian rhythm refers to:
The pattern of emotional ups and downs we routinely experience.
The experience of jet lag following an extensive transoceanic flight.
A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
The cycle of four stages that we experience during a normal night of sleep.
6
testing the problem-solving skills of 10, 20, and 30-year-olds in a study uses this method
cross-sectional study
longitudinal study
developmental study
social-cognitive study
7
People who watch violent movies are more likely to behave violently. Which statement reflects which of the following?
latent learning
insight learning
counterconditioning
observational learning
8
A teacher whose class culture encourages intrinsic motivation uses which management style
approach-avoidance
theory Y
postconventional
James-Lange
9
If a distribution of scores includes outliers, which measure of central tendency should be used
standard deviation
range
mean
median
10
Reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, researchers specify how self-consciousness is measured.
Survey
Operational definition
Independent variable
Single-blind procedure
11
Maria slams the car door and yells at her kids. Now when they hear a car door slam they cringe.
observational learning
operant conditioning
instrumental learning
classical conditioning
12
A student earns an A+ in her AP Psych class. Which kind of reinforcer is the grade?
continuous
partial
secondary
primary
13
Physiological reactions like
surprise
or
shock
are controlled by which part of the NS
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Endocrine system
Somatic nervous system
14
If Pavlov's dogs began to salivate when they heard a sound similar to a bell they would show
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
unconditioned response
spontaneous recovery
15
Ethical principles developed by the APA urged psychological investigators to
Avoid the use of the lab when behaviors of interest can be observed
Ensure that participants give informed consent before participating
Forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypothesis of study
Avoid use of monetary incentives to recruit participants
16
Choosing 20 people at random from a large lecture class of 400 is an example of
placebo effect
random sampling
confounding variables
random assignment
17
A medication prescribed for major depression would most likely act on which neurotransmitter?
Adrenaline
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
18
In the model of information processing, memories are first stored in _______________.
short-term memory
procedural memory
sensory memory
long-term memory
19
After repeated firings, neural connections are strengthened. What is this process
long-term potentiation
semantic encoding
proactive interference
state-dependent memory
20
Which research technique controls for both experimenter and subject bias?
Hindsight bias
Hawthorne effect
Single-blind study
Double-blind study
21
Which of the following properties of sound would be most similar to color/hue of light?
Timbre
Pitch
Amplitude
Loudness
22
What value, or percentage, will tell Matt whether his research is statistically significant?
a mean that is the same as the median
a probability of chance less than 5%
a correlation coefficient close to .75
a standard deviation of 4 or more
23
Classical Conditioning involves __________; Operant Conditioning involves __________
pairing stimuli; rewards and punishments
schedules; punishers
learned responses; physiological reactions
fixed intervals; variable ratios
24
Negative reinforcers __________ a stimulus in order to ___________ a behavior.
remove : decrease
remove : increase
add : decrease
remove : punish
25
Lara is attracted to Craig but can't stand his friends and family. Her conflict is classified as ________________.
approach-approach
approach-avoidance
avoidance-avoidance
she does not have a conflict
26
Joe has a serious memory problem. Which neurotransmitter is Joe most likely deficient?
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
GABA
Dopamine
27
Ani believes she is capable of succeeding in nursing school. Her mindset is associated with
high self-efficacy
low self-esteem
an extraverted personality
a strong superego
28
This approach is states that human behavior springs from from unconscious drives and conflicts and sexual drives?
psychoanalytic
behavioral
evolutionary
cognitive
29
Reading a job description written with masculine pronouns, people may believe that the employee is a male.
linguistic relativity hypothesis
gender schema theory
principle of continuity
language acquisition device
30
Which of the following psychological disorders has been linked to a deficit of dopamine?
autism
Alzheimer's disease
major depressive disorder
Parkinson's disease
31
What is the first step in any example of Classical Conditioning?
following a response with a reinforcement or punishment
pairing an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus
reinforcing for a behavior similar to the desired behavior
rewarding a conditioned response with a conditioned stimulus
32
A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream would most likely make him want to do which of the following?
go for a run
make new friends
eat a meal
pursue a romantic interest
33
An artist making a drawing could use which of the following to add depth to the picture
retinal disparity
closure
linear perspective
convergence
34
You girlfriend dumps you. "I always knew she was bad news" your friend says. This demonstrates
hindsight bias
overconfidence
confirmation bias
self-serving bias
35
if the College Board left out questions about neuroscience on the AP exam, the test would lack
content validity
split-half reliability
predictive validity
test-retest reliability
36
An American's prototype of a chair is most likely to include
pens, pencils, and a computer
an armchair, chairlift, and wheelchair
a desk and/or table
four legs and a seat
37
Elizabeth Loftus' research on wording and misinformation effects on memory best demonstrate
the reconstructive nature of memory
the rate at which people forget information
the serial position effect
the role of the hippocampus in memory
38
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment evidenced the importance of __________ in social learning.
mirror neurons
sublimation
modeling
latent learning
39
A person with a painful skin rash finds hard scratching temporarily relieves the pain
gate-control theory
frequency theory
opponent-process theory
transduction theory
40
At 1:00am, Mrs. Willems gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of her brain activity is most likely to indicate
Delta waves
Alpha waves
REM
Beta waves
41
Which best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
hormones jump from one axon to the next
physical contact between dendrites
chemical signals at the synaptic cleft (terminal buttons)
electrical signals between two myelin sheaths
42
The tendency to interpret an object as always being the same size, regardless of its distance from the viewer, known as
Size constancy
Depth constancy
Color constancy
Shapte constancy
43
Which structure is located in the brainstem?
medulla
cerebral cortex
thalamus
sensory cortex
44
What research method could study the relationship between owning a hybrid car and being vegan?
naturalistic observation
correlation study
experiment
case study
45
Which best explains the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory?
physiological reaction and cognitive labeling cause emotion
an event causes an emotion and a physiological response
people follow a pattern of alarm, resistance, exhaustion
perceived control over life reduces stress and improves mood
46
Which best summarizes the results of Tolman's latent learning experiment?
rats that received punishment ran the maze faster
rats who explored the maze first ran faster when reinforced
reinforcement had little impact on the rats' performance
rats that were continually reinforced ran the maze faster
47
The limbic system plays an important role in which of the following?
planning for the future
processing sensory information
maintaining balance
regulating emotion
48
What is true about experiments that is not of other research methods?
they involve more research participants than other studies
they can gather data from a large number of people quickly
they take place in more realistic, real-life settings
they can determine causal relationships between variables
49
Learned helplessness is most likely to be directly related to
the Oedipus complex
unconditional positive regard
an external locus of control
the self-serving bias
50
In people, rods, unlike cones, _______________.
have a lower absolute threshold for light
respond more quickly to colors
are located in the center of the retina
are unable to detect motion
51
Knowledge of different categories of trees is an example of what type of long-term memory
episodic memory
semantic memory
eidetic memory
procedural memory
52
Abraham Maslow theorized that people are motivated by
desire to achieve in the eyes of others
achieving physiological homeostasis
reinforcement of primary and secondary needs
satisfying needs on a hierarchy
53
This school of thought studies mental processes includes thinking, memory, making decisions, judgements, encoding, etc.
psychoanalytic approach
Evolutionary
cognitive approach
Humanistic
54
Garcia's research w/ coyotes & sheep using taste aversions established which US/CS pairs as most powerful
punishment and aversion
nausea and food or drink
movement and electrical shocks
performing a task and receiving food
55
Which structure is part of the inner ear?
basilar membrane
Hammer
auditory canal
Eardrum (tympanic membrane)
56
A librarian gives a prize for every five books students read. Her schedule of reinforcement is _____________.
variable interval
continuous
fixed ratio
fixed variable
57
Damage to the occipital region of the brain would most likely affect which sense?
balance
touch
sight
hearing
58
One group receives an ad for 99% fat free milk; the other for 1% fat milk. What being tested
framing effects
confirmation bias
inattentional blindness
representativeness heuristic
59
which structure in the eye is most responsible for color vision
cones
rods
optic nerve
cornea
60
Light enters the eye through an opening in the ____________ .
fovea
retina
blind spot
iris
61
The ability to solve a new computer game based on logical puzzles probably depends on
multiple intelligences
crystallized intelligence
aptitude intelligence
fluid intelligence
62
The case study of Phineas Gage was significant because it was one of the the first examples of
treatment with drugs that alter neurotransmission
using a CAT scan to document the extent of the injury
a specific brain area associated with emotional changes
treating a brain-damaged patient with psychotherapy
63
Which of the following terms applies to IQ tests?
triarchic
standardized
projective
achievement
64
Nicole has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she’s very relaxed, she has not fallen asleep
REM
Alpha waves
Delta waves
Theta waves
65
Which statement best represents the relationship between performance and arousal?
too little or too much arousal is harmful to performance
performance continually decreases as arousal increases
performance is best at low and high levels of arousal
performance steadily increases as arousal increases
66
Which concept is most relevant to Noam Chomsky's theory of how children learn language?
linguistic relativity hypothesis
phonemes and morphemes
serial position effect
language acquisition device
67
After studying for weeks and taking an AP exam, Conrad gets the flu. What theory explains this
Yerkes-Dodson law
James-Lange theory of emotion
Selye's general adaptation syndrome
Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory
68
Which of the following correlations expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables?
+0.10
+0.66
-0.10
-0.67
69
Intelligence researchers like Gardner and Sternberg argue that schools focus too much on
meeting the needs of students with disabilities
traditional and analytical subjects and methods
environmental factors that influence intelligence
nonessential subjects like art and music
70
The "c" in the word
cat
is best described as a
grapheme
holobase
phoneme
morpheme
71
What percent of people score between 70 and 130 on the Standard IQ Scale or the WAIS (Mean: 100, SD:15)
68
84
95
50
72
Turning up the volume on a radio changes which aspect of sound?
transduction of the wave
amplitude of the wave
frequency of the wave
pitch of the tone
73
Our ability to perceive depth depends on what other perceptual abilities
binocular and monocular cues
proximity and similarity
vestibular and kinesthetic senses
top-down and bottom-up processing
74
Most people can taste 1g of salt in 1qt of water. Which concept does this statement explain?
Difference threshold
Weber's Law
Absolute threshold
Just noticeable difference
75
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
Social Influence Theory
Freud's Wish-Fulfillment
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Dissociation Theory
76
A test that identifies people with the potential to be great lawyers is an example of a(n)
aptitude test
EQ test
achievement test
IQ test
77
A musicians ability to discern between two similar pitches depends on which concept?
signal detection theory
Weber's Law
difference threshold
absolute threshold
78
A musician who signs a recording contract stops playing for fun. This is best explained by
the overjustification effect
the law of effect
social learning theory
latent learning
79
Children who suffer brain damage can regain function more quickly than older patients due to ______________.
long-term potentiation
blindsight
hemispheric lateralization
neuroplasticity
80
What theory of emotion are cognitive psychologists likely to support?
Opponent Process Theory
Schachter two-factor theory
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
81
Which brain structure is involved in hunger motivation?
medulla
hypothalamus
amygdala
cerebellum
82
Which of the following serves as an insulator facilitating the electrical aspect of neural transmission?
neurotransmiters
dendrites
axon terminal
myelin sheath
83
Which is most closely associated with creativity
contextual intelligence
hypothesis testing
functional fixedness
divergent thinking
84
Someone who can't move the muscles needed for accurate speech might have brain damage where?
Broca's area
Wernicke's area
hippocampus
Gage's area
85
A variable ratio of reinforcement is often preferable to a fixed ratio because
fixed ratio schedules are more time intensive
fixed ratios allow both classical and operant learning
variable ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction
variable ratio schedules produce the quickest results
86
Retelling the story about your 13th birthday is an example of which type of memory?
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
retroactive memory
episodic memory
implicit memory
87
A doctor determining whether an accident caused structural damage to the brain would use
PET
EEG
MRI
CT (CAT)
88
Jen's friend shows video evidence of her husband kissing another woman. Jen is in denial about her husband's affair.
functional fixedness
belief perserverence
confirmation bias
availability heuristic
89
In a class of 25 students, all but 2 score between 82 and 94. The 2 scores of 47 and 55 are
outliers
modes
normally distributed
variances
90
When Jake is late to basketball practice his coach makes him run laps. Jake is not late again. Punishment or Reinforcer?
negative reinforcement
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
modeling