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Language Change & Diversity
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#Alevel #English #EnglishLanguage #EnglishLanguageAlevel #LanguageAlevel
Flashcards
196 cards
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Questions
196
Answers
1
What letters commonly become ligatures
ct
pq
st
zt
2
What types of words did the Normans (French) bring to English?
Food
Law
Medicine
Industrial
3
What did prescriptivist Simon Heffer in 2000 say he would ask for in a cafe?
Panino
Cappucino
4
Some sort of performance involve lay people some sort of audience
Backstage
Frontstage
5
What is personal power?
Power you have because of your status and occupational role
Power you have within yourself
Power you want to have
Power you have in your friend group
6
Why weren't contractions commonly used in Old English?
Because they sounded like speech
Because they didn't have the punctuation for it
Because they sounded like commoners talk
7
When did Caxton bring the printing press to the UK?
1467
1435
1476
1453
8
What is language called that excludes people - by Michael Halliday?
Codeswitching
Anti-language
Racism
9
Example of hypecorrection as a result of moving up the social ladder?
Yellow
Pothole
Cushion
Pineapple
10
Where actions occur behind scene
Backstage
Frontstage
11
When did Brown and Levinson publish their face theory?
1978
1987
1977
1988
12
Linguistic behaviour that is open to excel using power and control
Repressive discourse
Oppresive discourse
13
Example of a neologism
Paper
Widget
Smart
iPod
14
Speech that is goal orientated talking about what needs to be achieved
Transactional
Referential
Interactional
15
Who publish about DVD (double voiced discourse) in Nov 2013?
Janet Holmes
Deborah Tannen
Judith Baxter
Robin Lakoff
16
Did the grammar movement in the 18th century cause class divide?
Yes
No
17
Example of an initialism...
YOLO
IBM
LOL
DVD
18
What were Holmes and Stubbes main findings?
Imperatives dominate white collar work
Imperatives dominate blue collar work
Models dominate bluecollar work
Modals dominate white collar work
19
What were Jacobi and Schweers main findings
Women's interruptions are irrelevant to their power
Women's power is irrelevant
Women's place in court increased interruptions decreased
Women's place in court increased so did interruptions
20
What is uptalk?
Speaking posh
Proper talk like females
Talking like a celeb
Rising intontation
21
What stage is Singapore at in Schneider’s model?
Stage 4
Stage 3
Stage 5
22
Someone who prescribes a correct version of english is known as a ...
Prescriptivist
Descriptivist
23
Which was the worst accent in 2007 Coupland and bishop study?
London
Gypsy
Scottish
Brummie
24
What is the theory that suggests words change as inventions arise?
Theory of least effort
Random fluctuation theory
Functional theory of language change
25
Halliday's taxonomy was published?
1977
1975
1955
1957
26
What do the 8 Pakinstani boys do in Ives study?
Older Punjabi’s code switch
Distinguish language from freshies
Distinguish by postcode BD8/22
Uses Punjabi expletives
27
What were grammarians inspired by?
The dictionary
Scientific Revolution
The order of Gardens
Kent
28
Example of specialising - narrowing of meaning
Vegetables
Wife
Fruit
Meat
29
What are referential tag questions?
Reassurance of info
Expressing solidarity and encouraging
Softening potentially negative speech
30
How men and women use language is known as?
Genderspeech
There is no distinction
Genderlinguistics
Genderlect
31
Which features did Robin Lakoff 1975 say were
not
part of women language?
Specific Colour Words
Empty Adjectives
Rising Intonation
Verbal Sparring
32
Example of pejoration
Villain
People
Brummie
Islam
33
What does BBE stand for?
British Black Ethincity
Bumble Bee Empire
Black British English
34
Example of an acronym...
DVD
YOLO
NATO
LOL
35
What did Lynne Murphy state from Sussex university?
Not polluting
Big ask
All varities influence
Tendency to over diagnose
36
Who said a language is a dialect with an army and navy?
Weinreich
Hitler
branson pickle
37
When did Trudgill do his experiment?
1974
1947
1944
1977
38
What numbers did Matthias Meal research that people use each day in 2007?
W - 20,000 vs M - 7,000
W - 15,669 vs M - 16,215
W - 16,215 vs M - 15,669
W - 7k vs M - 20k
39
What were Koester‘S main findings?
Modals used freqeuntly
Imperatives used a lot
40
What is unequal hierachal power called?
Asymmetrical power
Symmetrical power
41
What grammar structures are typical of a TV presenter?
Adverbials
Noun phrases
Subordinates
Modifiers
42
Who created a 14 year cycle of nouns from university of Manchester?
Pinker and Spelke 2020
Drew and Heritage 1992
Zimmerman and West 1975
Montermurro and Zanette 2016
43
When a derogatory term is associated with the female synonym of a word this is known as...
Semantic Derogation
Reclamation
Ordering Semantics
44
What metaphor suggests language catches on like habits due to contact
Infectious disease
Damp spoon
Crumbling castle
45
Example of an eponym (named after a person)...
Sandwich
Carpark
Pasteurise
Pineapple
46
When did Basil Bernstein do his research?
1973
1978
1971
1977
47
More indirect way of power and control through conversational constraints
Repressive discourse
Oppressive discourse
48
What is mitigation?
Singing
Ignoring
Being forceful
Being indirect
49
Trudgill discovered that in conversation upperworking class men didn’t g-drop what %?
5%
83%
50
What variables did Cheshire 1982 study?
Phonological
Non-standard -s
Multiple Negation
Non-standard “was”
51
What is the definition of a proprietary eponym?
Advertising until specific brand is used as regular name
When a name becomes so common all others are forgotten
52
What were Zimmerman and Wests main findings?
Interruptions did not exist
Men used more referential tag questions
Women used more tag questions
Men interrupt women 96%
53
Where did Norman Fairclough do his investigation?
Universities 1966-97?
Hospitals 1966-97?
Political elections 1966-97?
Work offices 1966-97?
54
When was the cool accents poll by the telegraph?
2009
2008
2007
2010
55
What did Labov find in 1963?
31-45 followed fishermen
Identification by phonological pronounciation
Fisherman’s were idiolised
6,000 natives vs 40,000 tourists
56
What did David Horby remark on the One show April 2013?
Cockney is moving
Cockney to MLE is slow
Cockney to MLE is exciting
57
What is exonormative stablilisation, stage 2 Schneider’s model?
Looking within to elites for language
Looking to the colonisers for language
58
What does BSE stand for?
British English Etiquette
Big sausage elephants
British Standard English
59
When did Koester do her research?
2001
2016
2010
2006
60
What did Stephen Fry find out in 2011?
Regional accent more trustworthy
RP used for complaints
People favour their own accent
People dislike their own accent
61
What does PC stand for in Drew and Heritages research?
Allowable contributions on communication
Particular contrasints
Panda central
Possible colours
62
What is political power?
Backing of the law
Power that only the prime minster has
Power you get from being part of politics
Power you get from voting
63
When did Kachru publish his 3 circles of English Spread?
1992
1929
64
Where does & ampersand come from?
English 'and'
Italian 'et'
Latin 'et'
French 'et'
65
What do lower class people call paper things you have at the table to wipe your mouth?
Napkin
Serviette
Tissue
66
What does ’Steh’ stand for in Hawaiin Creole?
Stay
Is
67
American example of pronounciation
aluminium
coffee
herbs
yellow
68
When was the Plain English Campaign established?
1997
1999
1977
1979
69
How many words did the vikings bring to English?
2,000
200
20,000
200,000
70
What is double voiced discourse?
Adjust language to take into account audiences view
Women cannot be effective in handling difficult discourse
Women are a minority when talking
71
What did the printing press deserve?
Etymology
Spelling
Grammar
Silent letters
72
When was the Queens English Society created?
2001
2002
2011
2010
73
What word that was an invention got added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2017 from Latin?
Quantumcomputation
Quantumdistablishment
Quantumambulance
Quantumphilosophy
74
What did Malcolm Petyt study in 1985?
H-dropping
G-dropping
S-dropping
D-dropping
75
What does a glottal stop show?
Class
Lazy
Londoner
Undeducated
76
What is an example of technology developing language?
Damp Squib
Acne
Pwned
Pothole
77
Language that is male dominated is known as ...
Androgynous
Mantalk
Androcentric
Mansplaining
78
Which is an example of a marked term?
Clerk
Actress
Chef
Farmer
79
When did Drew & Heritage publish their?
1949
1994
1992
1929
80
Specialist language of a particular occupation
Restricted code
Lexis
Jargon
Technological terms
81
How many words and when did the Normans invade England?
1665 - 100,000
1666 - 100,000
1066 - 10,000
1088 - 10,000
82
What words did Simon Horobin say may become one?
Bare / Bear / Bere
Its / It's / It is
Witch / Which
There / Their / They're
83
What did Ive’s find out in London 2014?
Doesnt matter where you‘re from
Does matter where you’re from
84
Who was the first to catergorise world English in 1980?
Kachru
Strevens
McArthur
Schneider
85
What did Janet Holmes research in 1988
Power
Tag Questions
Interruptions
Staff meetings
86
When did Pamela Fishmann publish her findings?
1977
1979
1997
87
Example of an American spelling...
Pineapple
Color
Theater
Popcorn
88
Example of a euphemism, making something nasty sound polite ...
You smell like s***
Restroom
Expletives
Collateral Damage
89
Where did Labov do his study in 1966?
Saks
SKlein
Asda
Macy’s
90
What did Stephen Fry say in Kinetic Typography?
There is no right or wrong language
There is right or wrong language
Grammar can be right or wrong
Language choice is important
91
What diphthongs did Labov study in 1963?
Aw and Ay
EE and Ow
Oo and ou
At and ae
92
Which network would have the highest network strength score - Milroy?
Closed
Open
93
What was the name of Robin Lakoff's book in 1975?
The language of Women
Woman's language in Society
Language and a Woman's Place
Woman's Place in Society
94
What did Pamela Fishman conclude in her research?
Women fan the flames of conversation
Women aren't listened too
Women don't choose good topics to talk
Women do the linguistic sh*twork
95
When did Shan Wareing publish her 3 power types?
2000
2009
1999
1990
96
Which is rhotic r?
Putt
Farther
Cuup
Bu(t)er
97
What does GO in stand for in Drew & Heritages research?
Great Oratory
Goal Orientation
98
Examples of ease of articulation...
"Shoes" --> "Sooz"
"Brother" --> "Bruvva"
"Handbag" --> "Hambag"
"Tenpounds" --> "Tempounds"
99
What are Lakoff's politeness principles?
Give options
Use manners
Make receives feel good
Don't impose
100
What would you use to call someone to get their attention?
Diminuitive
Name
Title
Vocative
101
What does mince pies mean in Cockney rhyming slang?
Eyes
Christmas
Pies
Lies
102
What were features of the elaborate code - Bernstein?
Direct pronouns
Lack of subordination
Correct syntax
Subordinate conjuctions
103
What is the long s?
left over from old norse
fell out of typeface 1800's but survived in handwriting 1860
Like an f but for s
Sssssssnakeee
104
What is intrasential codeswitching?
Intrasential
Intersential
105
What is an accent?
Where you are from
Pronunciation
Words you use
106
Who defined a lingua Franca?
N.Oster
Trudgill
Koester
Bax
107
What did Janet Holmes research in 1980?
Statistics
Uncertainty of speech
Adjectives
Tag Questions
108
What did Trudgill discover about accents?
There’s no posh accent
There‘s many posh accents
There’s one posh accent
109
Example of a conversion and functional shift...
Twittering
Perhaps
Text
Google
110
Who and when was the S-curve language change model published?
Spelke 2016
Pinker 2003
Chen 1968
Chomsky 1965
111
When was Singapore left alone by the British?
1973
1967
1969
1963
112
When did Stephen Pinker publish his Euphemism Treadmill Theory from Harvard?
2010
1987
1999
2003
113
What were Norman Fairclough's forms of in-formalisation?
Conversationalism
Technologisation
114
When did Lave and Wenger catergorise their communities of practise?
1919
1990
1999
1991
115
What does SIF stand for in Drew and Heritages research?
Special inferential framework
Spiders is fancybum
Spackle information fag
116
When did Jacobi & Schweers do their research?
2017
2018
2015
2016
117
What is a Pidgin?
Simplified language
A bird
118
What does Adam & Eve stand for in cockney rhyming slang?
Crease
Sleeve
Evil
Believe
119
What were the contrasts of h-dropping in Petyts study?
28%-56%
43%-65%
12%-93%
1%-100%
120
When did Jean Aitchison share her metaphors for language change?
1999
1996
1969
1966
121
Limited and specific occupational lexis that is restricted examples...
Vitals - medicine
Prima facie - law
Head (toilet) - merchants
122
When did Charles Hockett publish his random fluctuation theory?
1958
1988
1985
1955
123
When was the nationality act that brought over windrush generation?
1950
1949
1945
1948
124
What is Simon Kirby's main finding from his alien fruit language experiment at Edinburgh Uni?
Alien fruit exists on earth
Human nature to seek patterns in language
Random words can be synthesised into a language
Aliens have their own languages
125
What words were left out of Dr Johnson's dictionary?
Expletives
Questionable definitions
Things he didn't understand
Jargon of medicine & law
126
Example of back formation (verb created from a noun)?
report-->reporting
locate-->location
bop-->bop
pineapple
127
What have we lost in modern English from old English?
Inflections
Pronouns & Determiners
Contractions
Free Syntax
128
What were Bax’s main findin?
More imperatives in written
50% imperatives in spoken
70% imperatives in written
More imperatives in spoken
129
When did Bailey publish the Wave Model?
1873
1973
1937
1837
130
Where did Ives do his research in 2014?
Bradford
Birmingham
London
South London
131
Someone who describes English as they find it cultivating it's change and innovation
Prescriptivist
Descriptivist
132
Treating people as an object or an instrument is known as...
Objectification
Stereotype
Prejudice
Androcentric
133
What are facilitative tag questions for?
Wanting to be sure of info
Softening potentially negative speech
Solidarity to encourage conversation
134
What is the double bind women face?
Too assertive sounds manly; too ditsy feminine and powerless
Too assertive too feminine; too ditsy feminine and powerless
135
What is an interroBANG?
:?:?:
????
?!
!!!!!
136
When did Jenny Cheshire do her reading study?
1983
1982
1984
1981
137
What are "mate" and "babe" ?
Diminutives
Nicknames
Endearment
Petnames
138
What are directives?
Description
Imperatives
Modals
Interogatives
139
Before the great vowel shift in the 15th C how would "Might" been pronounced?
MUTT
MUGHT
MUG
MEET
140
Relational conversation to maintain relationships
Transaction
Interaction
Phatic
141
What words were left out of Dr Johnson's dictionary?
3
7
20
4
142
What is sticklerism?
Describe what others say as wrong because it is illogical
Describe what others say because they know better
Describe what others say is wrong because it is incorrect
143
What is instrumental power?
Maintain and enforce authority
Influence and persuade others
144
Who spoke about prestige and stigmatised use of informalisation?
Ross 2003
Trudgill 1972
145
What is stage 5 of Schneider’s model?
Exonormative
Foundation
Differentiation
Endonormative
146
Example of a borrowing...
Blood
Viking
Panini
Yellow
147
When did Holmes and Stubbe do their research?
2003
2006
2004
2005
148
What is paralinguistic restitution?
;)
!
:)
?
149
What grammar structure is typical of being an estate agent?
Modifiers
Subordinates
Adverbials
Noun phrases
150
What are metaphors?
The bible
Dictionary definitions
Comparisons
Abstract ideas
151
What metaphor suggests language was once good and is now much worse?
Damp spoon syndrom
Crumbing castle view
Infectious disease view
152
What does the theory of least effort entail?
Talking faster
Omission
Ease of articulation
Glottal stops
153
Example of amelioration ...
Purty
Special
Pretty
Villain
154
What did Labov ask shop assistants to pronounce in 1966?
Yellow pineapple
Fourth Floor
New York
155
How many preliminary contributors to a words survival did Susie Dent quote in 2007?
3
5
10
8
156
When did Dr Johnson publish his dictionary?
1775
1765
1756
1755
157
What was word of the year in 2017?
Youthquake
James Charles
Gangnam Style
Trump
158
What does declinism suggest?
Language will always decline
Language doesn't decline
Language has declined and is irreversible
159
When did Lesley Milroy do her Belfast study?
1987
1978
160
Trudgill is part of the ________ model
Deficit
Difference
Dominance
Dynamic
161
Example of affiliation (adding of a free morpheme)
Disappointed
Upstart
Unfriend
I'm bored
162
Schneider’s - dynamic model of post colonial englishes year?
2007
2005
2008
2006
163
What are softening tag questions for
To soften potentially negative speech
Reassurance of info
Expressing solidarity
164
What did Sylvia Shaw research in 2006?
Women in a University
Women in a work environment
Women in the House of Commons
165
Example of a compound
Handheld
Jellytots
Rainbow
Facebook
166
According to Sara Thorne 1997 what Audience demographic would you fall in if you were a plumber
D
C1
C2
B
167
When did Zimmerman and West publish their findings?
1995
1957
1997
1975
168
What area in Milroy‘s study was the exception where woman worked more and had vernacular speech
Clonard
Caterpilla
Cola
Clinchard
169
What was the name of Robert Lowth's book on grammar in 1762?
A Comprehensive English Grammar
Lectures on scared poetry
Lectures on English Grammar
A Short Introduction to English Grammar
170
What is polysemy?
Having more than one meaning?
Having various spellings?
Owning a polygon
Having more than one wife?
171
According to Trudgill what do men seek?
Covert
Overt
Hate
Love
172
What are Sinclair and Couthard known for?
Classroom experiment
Structure of discourse
IRF
173
When did Kerswill and Williams do their MK Study’s?
1949
1994
174
What did Michael Nelson study?
Business lexis
Corpus linguistics
Semantics
Restricted code
175
What metaphor describes laziness as the cause of language change?
Infectious disease view?
Crumbling castle view?
Damp spoon syndrome?
176
What is an example of a stereotype?
Apple mac books are the best
Women should be in the Kitchen
Banana's are yellow
Tradesmen are the bottom of the earth
177
When did Bax do her research?
1968
1986
1966
1988
178
Example of a blend...
Facebook
Tweet
Handheld
Podcast
179
What did Louann Brizedine claim in 2006?
Women speak less than men
Men used less words daily but more weekly
Women use 20,000 words per day while men use 7,000
180
What vowels did Milroy research?
T & o
Th & e
T & D
Th & A
181
What was associated with the Rhotic R in Labov’s New York study?
Rudeness
Prestige
Social stratification
Before 1800 not prestigious
182
What was the reason for non-standard capitalisation on nouns?
Due to old grammar rules
Author's choice for emphasis
Other languages also require it
From the letters used in the printing press
183
What grammar structures are typical of legal discourse?
Noun phrases
Long complex sentences
Adverbials
Subordinates
184
What is a creole?
Developed Pidgin
Language
Rasta
185
What did Julia Snell say in 2011?
We judge the way people speak by image
We judge the way people speak by stereotypes
186
What is matched guise?
a variety of accents all at once
An actor doing different accents
Matching people to their accents
187
When was Martha's Vineyard published by William Labov?
1966
1976
1963
1973
188
According to Trudgill what do woman seek?
Hate
Love
Overt
Covert
189
What was rob drummonds main conclusion 2012?
In and ink of polish manc’s
Language solidarity
190
What is social group power?
Power you have as a result of achievements
Power you have as a result of your associates
Power you have as a result of social variables
Power you have as a result of your job
191
When did Howard Giles do his experiment?
1957
1975
192
Example of a clipping
Pineapple
Deli
Popo
Gov
193
Example of a generalisation...
House
Mall
Civic Centre
Place
194
What is intersential codeswitching?
Within sentences
Between sentences
195
When did Robin Lakoff publish her theories of power?
1979
1982
1883
1973
196
What did Rosewarne 1984 catergorise?
Estuary English
RP
Cockney Rhyming Slang
