What is the behaviorist approach?

Language is primarily learned through environmental reinforcement.

What is the interactionist approach?

Language development is primarily influenced by social interactions.

What is Assimilation?

Assimilation is the process of learning new information.

What are night terrors?

Panic during sleep, often accompanied by screaming and physical agitation.

What is Accomodation?

Accommodation is the process of adjusting to new experiences.

What is conservation in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

understanding that characteristics of an object remain the same afterchange

What is gender identity?

An individual's deeply-held sense of their own gender

What is syntax in linguistics?

The rules governing word order and sentence structure in a language.

scary dreams that occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep

What is centration in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

focus on one aspect, without considering other factors.

What is object permanence? Average age?

objects continue to exist even when they are not in view (8-12 months)

What us underextension?

A stage in language development where children limit their vocabulary.

What is infantile amnesia?

the inability to form new memories during infancy.

What is constructive play?

Play that focuses on building or creating things using blocks, clay, etc.

What is scaffolding in the context of learning and development?

giving temporary support & guidance to a learner as they learn new skills.

What is associative play?

children engage in an activity together sharing materials and ideas.

Are there cultural differences in infant emotions?

Yes, cultural factors can change how emotions are expressed & perceived.

What is the body shape/structure of early childhood?

physical, cognitive, & social development in children ages of 2 to 6.

What is functional play?

using toys for their intended purpose; focuses on achieving a specific goal

When do infant emotions develop?

Emerge with the early stages of life & continue to develop through infancy.

What is fast mapping?

The rapid and often inaccurate acquisition of new words or concepts

What is language production?

is the ability to speak and generate language.

What is permissive parenting?

permissive and lacks boundaries or discipline.

What us the Nativist Approach?

Language acquisition is an innate, biologically driven process.

What is language comprehension?

Language comprehension is the ability to understand language.

What is short-term memory?

The temporary storage of a limited amount of information for immediate use.

What is an individualistic orientation?

A cultural perspective that values self-expression & individual goals

What is Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage and the age range?

children develop a sense of trust or mistrust with their caregivers, 0-18 m

What are the general recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for screen time in children?

1 hour per day; parents should prioritize high-quality programming.

Describe Piaget’s sensorimotor stage and substages. Age?

Piaget's sensorimotor stage is the first stage of cognitive development 0-2

What is authoritarian parenting?

high demands and strict rules with limited emotional support.

What is Piaget's preoperational stage, and what is the age range associated with it?

egocentrism, animism, and centration. It usually occurs from 2 to 7 years.

What is the corpus callosum?

A large bundle of nerve fibers that connect two hemispheres of the brain.

What do children with infantile amnesia need for memories to develop?

immaturity of the brain, limited language skills, and cultural influences, encoding and consolidation of memories, interference from new experiences

What is onlooker play?

Play that involves children observing others without direct participation.

What is overextension?

A language error where a word is applied too broadly to different objects.

What is cooperative play?

Children take part in organized games or sports under adult supervision.

What are fine motor skills?

Abilities to perform using small muscles, typically involving the fingers.

What is pragmatics in linguistics?

The study of social use of language & how context influences communication.

What is lateralization?

The process of brain functions developing in one hemisphere of the brain.

What is long-term memory

The ability to recall past events and experiences with perfect accuracy.

What is a collectivistic orientation (culture)?

A focus on community & collective well-being; prioritize needs of the group

What is self-concept?

understanding of one's own identity, beliefs, feelings, and perceptions

What are gender expectations?

The societal norms, roles, and behaviors associated with a specific gender.

What is Vygotsky's ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)?

The zone where children can perform tasks independently without assistance.

A psychological bond that forms between an infant & their caregiver.

What are the different forms of attachment?

Secure and insecure attachments.

What are Infant Emotions?

Emotional states experienced by infants, such as joy, sadness, and anger.

What are gross motor skills?

Skills related to large muscle groups and physical strength.

What is Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage, and what is the age range associated with it?

children take initiative in exploring and engaging with the world (3-6 Y).

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Exam 2 for Psych

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Questions 57

Answers

1
What is the behaviorist approach?
Language is primarily learned through environmental reinforcement.
Language acquisition is an innate, biologically driven process.
The theory that language is acquired through imitation of caregivers.
Language development is primarily influenced by social interactions.
2
What is the interactionist approach?
Language is primarily learned through environmental reinforcement.
The theory that language is acquired through imitation of caregivers.
Language acquisition is an innate, biologically driven process.
Language development is primarily influenced by social interactions.
3
What is Assimilation?
Assimilation is the process of learning new information.
Assimilation is the process of adjusting to new experience
Assimilation is a concept that infants understand from birth.
Assimilation is the ability to recognize constant change.
4
What are night terrors?
Dreams that occur during the late morning hours.
Panic during sleep, often accompanied by screaming and physical agitation.
Pleasant dreams that bring a feeling of peace and serenity.
sense of unease upon waking from sleep.
5
What is Accomodation?
Accommodation is the ability to recognize objects.
Accommodation is a concept that infants understand from birth.
Accommodation is the process of learning new information.
Accommodation is the process of adjusting to new experiences.
6
What is conservation in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
Focus on one something without considering other relevant factors.
Directing attention toward multiple aspects of a problem simultaneously.
The cognitive ability to understand complex mathematical concepts.
understanding that characteristics of an object remain the same afterchange
7
What is gender identity?
A type of clothing style associated with a specific gender.
An individual's deeply-held sense of their own gender
The concept of biological sex
The expectations society has for individuals based on their gender.
8
What is syntax in linguistics?
The analysis of individual speech sounds.
The investigation of language acquisition in children.
The rules governing word order and sentence structure in a language.
The study of the meaning of words.
9
What are nightmares?
scary dreams that occur during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep
Recurrent dreams about horses.
Dreams that only happen in the morning.
Happy dreams that bring a sense of joy during sleep.
10
What is centration in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
The process of directing attention toward aspects of a problem.
The process of preserving natural resources.
understanding that even after changing, object is the same.
focus on one aspect, without considering other factors.
11
What is object permanence? Average age?
can recognize objects that constantly change in appearance (age 2)
Object permanence is a concept that infants understand from birth (age 0)
Object permanence typically develops in the late teenage years (15 +)
objects continue to exist even when they are not in view (8-12 months)
12
What us underextension?
A language phenomenon where words are used to describe objects & concepts.
A language error where a word is applied too broadly to different objects.
A language strategy to expand vocabulary by creating new words.
A stage in language development where children limit their vocabulary.
13
What is infantile amnesia?
the inability to form new memories during infancy.
the ability to remember early childhood memories very vividly.
children forget everything up until age 3.
the complete absence of memory in infants.
14
What is constructive play?
children engage in an activity together, sharing materials and ideas.
playing with other children and not talking.
involves children observing others without direct participation.
Play that focuses on building or creating things using blocks, clay, etc.
15
What is scaffolding in the context of learning and development?
A term used in theater and stage production.
A type of construction equipment.
The act of removing all forms of support for a learner.
giving temporary support & guidance to a learner as they learn new skills.
16
What is associative play?
Play in which children compete with each other for toys and attention.
None of the above.
children engage in an activity together sharing materials and ideas.
Play that involves children observing others without direct participation.
17
Are there cultural differences in infant emotions?
No, infant emotions are universal and the same across all cultures.
Yes, cultural factors can change how emotions are expressed & perceived.
Cultural differences in infant emotions are solely determined by genetics.
Cultural differences only affect adult emotions, not those of infants.
18
What is the body shape/structure of early childhood?
A body structure that only becomes relevant during adolescence.
A body shape that remains consistent from birth throughout childhood.
physical, cognitive, & social development in children ages of 2 to 6.
Body shape that varies among individuals and has no common characteristics.
19
What is functional play?
using toys for their intended purpose; focuses on achieving a specific goal
children engage in an activity together, sharing materials and ideas.
children observing others without direct participation.
playing alone.
20
When do infant emotions develop?
Infant emotions don't develop until adolescence.
Emotions in infants are fully developed at birth
Emerge with the early stages of life & continue to develop through infancy.
Infant emotions develop during late childhood.
21
What is fast mapping?
The rapid and often inaccurate acquisition of new words or concepts
The method of speed-reading.
The ability to instantly recall information without rehearsal.
The process of quickly memorizing vocabulary lists.
22
What is language production?
Language comprehension and production are the same process.
is the ability to speak and generate language.
involves understanding spoken language.
primarily a passive process, while
23
What is permissive parenting?
permissive and lacks boundaries or discipline.
clear rules and expectations, open communication, and warmth and support.
high demands and strict rules with limited emotional support.
no support whatsoever and parents are not involved.
24
What us the Nativist Approach?
The theory that language is acquired through imitation of caregivers.
Language development is primarily influenced by social interactions.
Language is primarily learned through environmental reinforcement.
Language acquisition is an innate, biologically driven process.
25
What is language comprehension?
Language comprehension involves producing spoken language.
Language comprehension and production are the same process.
Language comprehension is primarily a passive process.
Language comprehension is the ability to understand language.
26
What is short-term memory?
The ability to recall past events and experiences with perfect accuracy.
The temporary storage of a limited amount of information for immediate use.
The long-lasting storage of information accumulated over a lifetime.
A brief holding of sensory information from the external environment.
27
What is an individualistic orientation?
A focus on community and collective well-being.
A personality trait related to shyness and introversion.
A cultural perspective that values self-expression & individual goals
A political ideology.
28
What is Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage and the age range?
Children learn to trust or mistrust their peers (6-12 years)
children develop a sense of trust or mistrust with their caregivers, 0-18 m
individuals form trust or mistrust in their intimate relationships (18-40)
when a person will not trust or will trust their peers (teens)
29
What are the general recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for screen time in children?
Unlimited screen time for all children and adolescents
Recommendations vary by age but should not exceed 2 hours per day
1 hour per day; parents should prioritize high-quality programming.
No screen time at all for children and adolescents.
30
Describe Piaget’s sensorimotor stage and substages. Age?
Piaget's sensorimotor stage includes concrete operational thinking.
Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by abstract thinking. all life
Piaget's sensorimotor stage occurs during adolescence. age 1
Piaget's sensorimotor stage is the first stage of cognitive development 0-2
31
What is authoritarian parenting?
clear rules and expectations, open communication, and warmth and support.
parent doesn't car what the child does.
permissive and lacks boundaries or discipline.
high demands and strict rules with limited emotional support.
32
What is Piaget's preoperational stage, and what is the age range associated with it?
egocentrism, animism, and centration. It usually occurs from 2 to 7 years.
Is a stage of emotional development in adulthood
cognitive development that marks the onset of abstract reasoning (12-18)
cognitive development; can do logical thinking and operations (0-2 years)
33
What is the corpus callosum?
A medical term for a common childhood illness.
protective covering for the spinal cord.
A type of food commonly consumed during early childhood
A large bundle of nerve fibers that connect two hemispheres of the brain.
34
What do children with infantile amnesia need for memories to develop?
immaturity of the brain, limited language skills, and cultural influences
encoding and consolidation of memories, interference from new experiences
the neuro part in the brain has not developed fully.
35
What is onlooker play?
single child playing while watching others play without joining in.
Play that involves children observing others without direct participation.
Children exchange ideas but do not play together.
Children engage in an activity together, sharing materials and ideas.
36
What is overextension?
A language phenomenon where words are used to describe concepts.
A language error where a word is applied too broadly to different objects.
A language strategy to expand vocabulary by creating new words.
A stage in language development where children limit their vocabulary.
37
Approximately how many children experience abuse?
1 in 4 children worldwide.
25% of children worldwide.
50% of children worldwide.
10% of children worldwide.
38
What is cooperative play?
Children engage in an activity together, sharing materials and ideas.
Children take part in organized games or sports under adult supervision.
Child has an adult watch them play nicely.
Play that involves children observing others without direct participation.
39
What are fine motor skills?
Abilities to perform using small muscles, typically involving the fingers.
Skills associated with emotional intelligence and social interactions.
Skills related to speed and agility in sports.
Skills related to large muscle groups and physical strength.
40
What is pragmatics in linguistics?
The analysis of phonetics and phonology.
The investigation of sentence structure.
The study of social use of language & how context influences communication.
The study of word origins.
41
What is lateralization?
The process of early childhood physical growth and development.
The process of lateral spinal cord development.
The process of completely symmetrical brain development in all children.
The process of brain functions developing in one hemisphere of the brain.
42
What is long-term memory
The ability to recall past events and experiences with perfect accuracy.
The long-lasting storage of much information accumulated over a lifetime.
A brief holding of sensory information from the external environment.
The temporary storage of a limited amount of information for immediate use.
43
What is a collectivistic orientation (culture)?
A focus on community & collective well-being; prioritize needs of the group
A type of religious belief.
A form of psychological therapy.
A cultural perspective that values individual goals.
44
What is self-concept?
A type of self-help book.
The ability to think critically about others.
understanding of one's own identity, beliefs, feelings, and perceptions
A form of self-critique.
45
What are gender expectations?
The understanding of one's own gender identity.
A set of legal requirements related to gender.
The process of transitioning to a different gender.
The societal norms, roles, and behaviors associated with a specific gender.
46
What is Vygotsky's ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)?
A restricted area for play and development.
The zone where children can perform tasks independently without assistance.
range of current level of development and their potential with help.
A specialized play area for children with developmental delays
47
What is attatchment?
type of knot used in sailing.
A type of emotion experienced only by adults.
A psychological bond that forms between an infant & their caregiver.
A document used in legal matters.
48
What are the different forms of attachment?
Secure and insecure attachments.
Attachment styles are not relevant to human relationships.
Attachments are categorized by age, not type.
There is only one type of attachment.
49
What are Infant Emotions?
Emotions that are exclusive to adults.
Emotions that are not present in infants.
Emotional states experienced by infants, such as joy, sadness, and anger.
Emotions that only develop in adolescence.
50
What are gross motor skills?
Skills related to speed and agility in sports.
finger movements
Skills related to large muscle groups and physical strength.
Skills associated with emotional intelligence and social interactions.
51
What is Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage, and what is the age range associated with it?
It is a stage of infancy where children develop trust or mistrust.
It is a stage of retirement, typically occurring in old age.
children take initiative in exploring and engaging with the world (3-6 Y).
individuals explore their identity, typically occurring in adolescence.
52
Recommended hours of sleep for early childhood?
There is no specific recommendation for early childhood.
5-7 hours of sleep per night.
8-10 hours of sleep per night.
12-15 hours of sleep per day.
53
What is Sensory Memory?
he temporary storage of a limited amount of information for immediate use.
A brief holding of sensory information from the external environment.
The ability to recall past events and experiences with perfect accuracy.
The long-lasting storage of information accumulated over a lifetime.
54
What is the left hemisphere of the brain, and what is its primary function?
responsible for visual and spatial processing.
primarily involved in language and logical reasoning.
manages emotions and creativity.
regulates motor skills.
55
What is the right hemisphere of the brain, and what is its primary function?
Manages emotions and creativity.
regulates motor skills.
primarily involved in language and logical reasoning.
responsible for visual and spatial processing.
56
What is social referencing?
A type of citation used in academic writing.
A method for creating social media profiles.
A form of social networking.
Where individuals use cues from others to interpret their environment.
57
What is autobiographical memory?
Memories that are written down in an autobiography.
The capacity to remember one's own life experiences and personal events.
A type of memory only found in autobiographies.
The ability to recall the memories of other people.

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