Weaknesses of Opportunity Sampling?

Gives very unrepresentative samples and is often biased of the researcher

Confounding Variables

The factor that affects the behavior and is manipulated by the researcher

The aspect of behaviour that may be affected by the independent variable

Neither the subject nor the researcher know the hypothesis or conditions

Inter-Observer reliability

overcome biased observation; observer with no interest in the results

Strengths of Random Sampling?

Best chance for an unbiased representative of a target population

Problem: Individual differences

Solution: Sample large and randomly, allocate subjects randomly

Strengths of Opportunity Sampling?

Quick, Convenient, Most economical method of sampling

Problem: Distraction and Confusion

Solution: Use standardized instructions

Face/ Content Validity

Examine the content of the test to see if it measures what its supposed to

Comparing a new method/test with an established one with the same variables

Weaknesses of an Independent measures design?

Subject variables differ, Worst statistical tests, More subjects

Weaknesses of Self Selecting Sampling?

Can be unrepresentative and biased on the part of the subject.

Solution: Use a non- labatory enviorment

What is an Independent measures design?

uses different subjects in each condition of the experiment

Problem: Demand Characteristics

Solution: Use independent measures to stope exposure to both conditions

Strengths of Self Selecting Sampling?

Convenient, Ethical, Choice is not biased by the researcher

Strenghts of a repeated measures design?

Subject Variables, Better statistical tests (BST), Fewer subjects needed

What is a repeated measures design?

involves using the same subjects in each condition of an experiment

Self Selecting Sample

Individuals decide their own involvement

What is a matched pairs design?

uses different but similar subjects in each condition of an experiment

Weaknesses of a Matched pairs measures design?

Subject variables, time time-consuming and difficult, more subjects

the population is divided into layers before the sample is selected

results can be generalized if conducted in diff environments/ diff people

Strengths of Straifed Sampling?

Effort is made to identify the characteristics of a sample; reps. target

Problem: Experimenter Expectancy

Solution: Use double-blind method or inter- observer reliability

Strenghts of a Matched pairs measures design?

Subject Variables, BST , Order effects, Same test can be used, DC

Weaknesses of Random Sampling?

The larger the target population, the harder it is to sample

differences between participants in the experimental and control groups

Strenghts of an Independent measures design?

Order effects, Demand Characteristics (DC) , Same test can be used

Weaknesses of a Repeated measures design?

Order effects, Demanded Characteristics, Different tests

results of a study were really due to variables the researchers suggest

the population is divided into layers before the sample is selected

Problem: Order effects

Solution: use independent measures design; delay/ change 2nd test

Used to support the underlying theoretical constructs

everyone in your parent population has an equal chance of being selected.

refers to whether the test will predict future performance

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IB Psych: Methods

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Questions 43

Answers

1
Weaknesses of Opportunity Sampling?
Can be unrepresentative and biased on the part of the subject.
Can be very time-consuming
Gives very unrepresentative samples and is often biased of the researcher
The larger the target population, the harder it is to sample
2
Causation- experiment is the only method that is able to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables
False
True
3
Confounding Variables
The factor that affects the behavior and is manipulated by the researcher
The aspect of behaviour that may be affected by the independent variable
factors apart from the IV that may affect the DV
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
4
Independent Variable
The aspect of behaviour that may be affected by the independent variable
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
The factor that affects the behavior and is manipulated by the researcher
factors apart from the IV that may affect the DV
5
Dependent Variable
The factor that affects the behavior and is manipulated by the researcher
The aspect of behaviour that may be affected by the independent variable
factors apart from the IV that may affect the DV
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
6
Ecological Validity- measures behavior that is representative of naturally occurring behaviour
False
True
7
Double binded method
half the subjects to perform condition A before condition B and reverse
The subject doesn't know the conditions they are in
Neither the subject nor the researcher know the hypothesis or conditions
overcome biased observation; observer with no interest in the results
8
Inter-Observer reliability
The subject doesn't know the conditions they are in
Neither the subject nor the researcher know the hypothesis or conditions
half the subjects to perform condition A before condition B and reverse
overcome biased observation; observer with no interest in the results
9
Strengths of Random Sampling?
Best chance for an unbiased representative of a target population
Convenient, Ethical, Choice is not biased by the researcher
Effort is made to identify the characteristics of a sample; representative
Quick, Convenient, Most economical method of sampling
10
Problem: Individual differences
Solution: use independent measures design; delay/ change 2nd test
Solution: Use a non- labatory enviorment
Solution: Use independent measures to stope exposure to both conditions
Solution: Sample large and randomly, allocate subjects randomly
11
Strengths of Opportunity Sampling?
Effort is made to identify the characteristics of a sample; reps. target
Convenient, Ethical, Choice is not biased by the researcher
Quick, Convenient, Most economical method of sampling
Best chance for an unbiased representative of a target population
12
Problem: Distraction and Confusion
Solution: Use double-blind method or inter- observer reliability
Solution: Sample large and randomly, allocate subjects randomly
Solution: Use a non- labatory enviorment
Solution: Use standardized instructions
13
Face/ Content Validity
Examine the content of the test to see if it measures what its supposed to
Used to support the underlying theoretical constructs
Comparing a new method/test with an established one with the same variables
refers to whether the test will predict future performance
14
Concurrent Validity
refers to whether the test will predict future performance
Comparing a new method/test with an established one with the same variables
Used to support the underlying theoretical constructs
Examine the content of the test to see if it measures what its supposed to
15
External Reliability- How consistently a method measures over time when repeated.
True
False
16
Weaknesses of Straifed Sampling?
Can be very time-consuming
Can be unrepresentative and biased on the part of the subject.
The larger the target population, the harder it is to sample
Gives very unrepresentative samples and is often biased of the researcher
17
Weaknesses of an Independent measures design?
Subject variables differ, Worst statistical tests, More subjects
Subject variables, time time-consuming and difficult, more subjects
Order effects, Demanded Characteristics, Different tests
Demand Characteristics, Worse statistical tests, Time consuming
18
Weaknesses of Self Selecting Sampling?
Gives very unrepresentative samples and is often biased of the researcher
Can be very time-consuming
The larger the target population, the harder it is to sample
Can be unrepresentative and biased on the part of the subject.
19
Problem: Artifically
Solution: Use independent measures to stope exposure to both conditions
Solution: use independent measures design; delay/ change 2nd test
Solution: Sample large and randomly, allocate subjects randomly
Solution: Use a non- labatory enviorment
20
What is an Independent measures design?
IDK
uses different subjects in each condition of the experiment
involves using the same subjects in each condition of an experiment
involves using the same subjects in each condition of an experiment
21
Problem: Demand Characteristics
Solution: use independent measures design; delay/ change 2nd test
Solution: Use a non- labatory enviorment
Solution: Sample large and randomly, allocate subjects randomly
Solution: Use independent measures to stope exposure to both conditions
22
Strengths of Self Selecting Sampling?
Best chance for an unbiased representative of a target population
Quick, Convenient, Most economical method of sampling
Convenient, Ethical, Choice is not biased by the researcher
Effort is made to identify the characteristics of a sample; representative
23
Strenghts of a repeated measures design?
Subject Variables, Better statistical tests (BST), Fewer subjects needed
Order effects, Demand Characteristics (DC) , Same test can be used
Order effects, Demanded Characteristics, Different tests
Subject Variables, BST , Order effects, Same test can be used, DC
24
What is a repeated measures design?
IDK
uses different but similar subjects in each condition of an experiment
involves using different subjects in each condition of the experiment
involves using the same subjects in each condition of an experiment
25
Self Selecting Sample
the population is divided into layers before the sample is selected
Individuals decide their own involvement
everyone in your parent population has an equal chance of being selected.
Most widely technique used; involves having an easily accessible sample
26
What is a matched pairs design?
involves using the same subjects in each condition of an experiment
uses different but similar subjects in each condition of an experiment
IDK
involves using different subjects in each condition of the experiment
27
Weaknesses of a Matched pairs measures design?
Order effects, Demanded Characteristics, Different tests
Demand Characteristics, Worse statistical tests, Time consuming
Subject variables differ, Worst statistical tests, More subjects
Subject variables, time time-consuming and difficult, more subjects
28
Opportunity Sample
everyone in your parent population has an equal chance of being selected.
Most widely technique used; involves having an easily accessible sample
Individuals decide their own involvement
the population is divided into layers before the sample is selected
29
External Validity
results can be generalized if conducted in diff environments/ diff people
results of a study were really due to variables the researchers suggest
results of a study weren't really due to variables the researchers suggest
results can't be generalized if conducted in diff environments/ diff people
30
Strengths of Straifed Sampling?
Effort is made to identify the characteristics of a sample; reps. target
Convenient, Ethical, Choice is not biased by the researcher
Best chance for an unbiased representative of a target population
Quick, Convenient, Most economical method of sampling
31
Problem: Experimenter Expectancy
Solution: Use double-blind method or inter- observer reliability
Solution: Sample large and randomly, allocate subjects randomly
Solution: Use a non- labatory enviorment
Solution: Use standardized instructions
32
Strenghts of a Matched pairs measures design?
Subject Variables, BST , Order effects, Same test can be used, DC
Order effects, Demanded Characteristics, Different tests
Subject Variables, Better statistical tests (BST), Fewer subjects needed
Order effects, Demand Characteristics (DC) , Same test can be used
33
Weaknesses of Random Sampling?
Can be unrepresentative and biased on the part of the subject.
The larger the target population, the harder it is to sample
Can be very time-consuming
Gives very unrepresentative samples and is often biased of the researcher
34
Participant Variable
The factor that affects the behavior and is manipulated by the researcher
differences between participants in the experimental and control groups
The aspect of behaviour that may be affected by the independent variable
factors apart from the IV that may affect the DV
35
Strenghts of an Independent measures design?
Order effects, Demanded Characteristics, Different tests
Order effects, Demand Characteristics (DC) , Same test can be used
Subject Variables, BST , Order effects, Same test can be used, DC
Subject Variables, Better statistical tests (BST), Fewer subjects needed
36
Weaknesses of a Repeated measures design?
Subject variables, time time-consuming and difficult, more subjects
Order effects, Demanded Characteristics, Different tests
Subject variables differ, Worst statistical tests, More subjects
Demand Characteristics, Worse statistical tests, Time consuming
37
Internal Validity
results can't be generalized if conducted in diff environments/ diff people
results can be generalized if conducted in diff environments/ diff people
results of a study were really due to variables the researchers suggest
results of a study weren't really due to variables the researchers suggest
38
Straifed Sample
the population is divided into layers before the sample is selected
everyone in your parent population has an equal chance of being selected.
Individuals decide their own involvement
Most widely technique used; involves having an easily accessible sample
39
Problem: Order effects
Solution: Use independent measures to stope exposure to both conditions
Solution: Sample large and randomly, allocate subjects randomly
Solution: Use a non- labatory enviorment
Solution: use independent measures design; delay/ change 2nd test
40
Construct Validity
Comparing a new method/test with an established one with the same variables
Examine the content of the test to see if it measures what its supposed to
refers to whether the test will predict future performance
Used to support the underlying theoretical constructs
41
Random Sample
everyone in your parent population has an equal chance of being selected.
Most widely technique used; involves having an easily accessible sample
the population is divided into layers before the sample is selected
Individuals decide their own involvement
42
Predictive Validity
Used to support the underlying theoretical constructs
refers to whether the test will predict future performance
Comparing a new method/test with an established one with the same variables
Examine the content of the test to see if it measures what its supposed to
43
Internal Reliability- How consistently a method measures within itself
False
True

IB Psych: Methods Flashcards | StudBud